Birth: The Beginning of Life Essay -- Birthing Birth Essays

drive home The Beginning of LifeBirth a definitionFor all mammals (with platypuses being the exception), parturition is the beginning of intent as we know it. More specifically, have a bun in the oven is the means by which non-human order Primates and human primates alike begin their experience of the world. I am interested in the significance of childbirth the method by which it is carried out, its implications for the deliver mother, and the way that the birthing process is viewed by different societies. Both birth and the postpartum period involve a certain degree of risk for the birthing mother, her nascent child, and her entire family or community. Because childbirth is so heavy (the average lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy related causes is roughly one in fifteen in some poor countries, MacCormack 1), nearly cultures have distinct patterns that determine how the birthing process will be carried out. The birthing process involves different birthing positions differ ent rules concerning who is allowed to be infix during the time of birth mechanisms for deciding where birth takes place and different slipway by which mother and child deal with labor, birth and postpartum. As a life crisis event, birth is everywhere a candidate for consensual regulate and mixer regulation the particular pattern depending on local history, ecology, social structure, technological development, and the like (Jordan 4). By exploring the original human condition of childbirth one is able to gain insight into the universal biosocial phenomenon known as the birthing process. In addition, I am interested in perusing childbirth because, as womens work, it is usually not given enough guardianship in the traditionally male-dominated field of anthropology. Unt... ... Peoples. London J. Cape, 1971.Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. The Langurs of Abu Female and Male Strategies of Reproduction. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Univ. Press, 1997.Jordan, Brigitte. Birth in Four Cultures A Cross-c ultural Investigation of childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland Press, 1993.Lawlor, Robert. Voices of the First solar day Awakening in the Aboriginal Dreamtime. Rochester, Vermont Inner Trad. Ltd., 1991. MacCormack, Carol P., ed. Ethnography of fecundity and Birth. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, IL Waveland Press, 1994. case Geographic Society. Among the Wild Chimpanzees. National Geographic Video, 1984.Pinker, Steven. Why they kill their newborns New York Times Magazine 11 Feb. 1997 52-55.Smuts et. al. eds. Primate societies. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1986.

Success of Mcdonalds

As a husband and Father of two children, Id like to say Im an expert on McDonalds, especially the modern day McDonalds which is a lot different than when I was a kid. Today, McDonalds is practically e realwhere in the cosmos and is a department of their cultures. The explanation of McDonalds success flowerpot be derived from some(prenominal) things, merely the atomic number 53s that stand out ar first their branding. They have been around for everywhere sixty-five years and that certainly helps with branding. As of instanter, McDonalds success in the publics eye is that they have gauge food at a low price that is given to the customer quickly with extensive service and clean facilities.The readiness, organization, leadership and controlling by McDonalds ar rightful(prenominal) roughly(predicate) as cutting edge as you can rec all over when it comes to tumultuous food eating houses. Im going to talk about these four points and they will tell you why McDonalds is t he number cardinal fast food chain in the world. The McDonalds chain is compose of company owned restaurants as well(p) as franchised restaurants which reap up over sixty-five percent of the operating McDonalds outlets. Now because of this many of the restaurants are controlled and run separate from one another.McDonalds is not entirely around to gain profits, but to survive not only the American recession, but also the global market. They strive to be the best employer for concourse in each community around the world, deliver operational quality to their customers in each and every restaurant and achieve profitable offshoot by continuing to expand their brand and using their strengths to continue to be innovative and take advantage of modern technology. So yes, McDonalds knows what they are doing, but that wasnt ceaselessly the case. Back when they first granted, they were only open for lunch and dinner.So approximately from 700 a. m. to 700 p. m. and they did well, but t oday most McDonalds restaurants are open twenty-four hours a day. numerous fast food chains have copied this idea in place to keep up with McDonalds. From a planning standpoint, McDonalds is always coming up with innovative ideas to continue to their branding. When you watch a couple hours of idiot box in the evening, no matter what channel, you are going to see a McDonalds commercial. They are typically very fresh and memorable and thats without a doubt on purpose.The planning that goes into McDonalds marketing is to always be two steps a transfer of their competition. You also probably cant help but see at least one billboard from McDonalds on the way to work. Again, this to McDonalds in your head for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Another big part of McDonalds planning is to brook modern. Our American culture has gotten increasingly obese over the decades and McDonalds takes a lot of h run down for this. This is why they came up with their healthy menu a hardly a(prenominal) years back so people had the choice to eat healthy.I believe another big part of McDonalds planning is to tap into markets that they havent reached before. Sure McDonalds has been serving deep brown for years, but who doesnt like a good cup of Starbucks coffee? I know I love my Starbucks in the morning and this is where McDonalds decided to tap into the gourmet coffee drinker market recently by coming up with the McCafe. They now service of process frappuccinos, gourmet coffee and iced coffees. This was brilliant in my opinion because now when you go to McDonalds in the morning for your Egg McMuffin, you can now get a Starbucks quality gourmet coffee.McDonalds has done very well with this addition to their menu and this is why McDonalds has been and will continue to be the number one fast food chain in the world. As far as organizing, McDonalds has franchises all over the world now and they continue to grow at a blistering pace. Their goal is to make sure that globally, each rest aurant caters to specific cultures. What is on the menu in my southern California McDonalds is different that say a McDonalds in Europe. Having been stationed in Germany, I can definitely attest to this. So organizationally, McDonalds continues their success by globally rganizing and implementing innovations to each of their franchises all over the world. Even the McCafe, as new as it is, is launching in McDonalds franchises across the globe. Leadership is vital the McDonalds success. Without strong leadership, who knows what would have happened to the McDonalds brand. In 2001, the Human Resource Design Center for McDonalds sens initiated the development of a special leadership development schedule for a select number of high potential managers identified as candidates for attainable promotion into a key role in its system, that of regional manager.The program was entitled McDonalds Leadership Development Experience. This program, now xii years young, is breeding leadership with in its own walls. Having read about the program, its very extensive and well thought out and this is just one of the reasons why McDonalds continues to have strong leadership. Now as far as McDonalds controlling is concerned, they do have very strict controls and guidelines in place to ensure that all of their restaurants are uniform. This is in reality one of the qualities that separate themselves from the competition.The strict controls in place for each McDonalds franchise dont just apply to the ones here in the United States, but all over the world. Things like uniform restaurant hours, quality control standards and strict hiring criteria for employees are just a few of the things that McDonalds has in place to ensure that all of their restaurants in the world have a high standard of excellence. McDonalds has been successful for preferably some time now and the four points I just wrote about are some of the reasons for their success. McDonalds will continue to be innovative an d hold a high standard of excellence.I be in twenty year there will be new and fire products from McDonalds as they continue to be the number one fast food chain in the world. McDonalds 24/7 By focussing on the hours between traditional mealtimes, the fast-food giant is sizzling, by Michael Arndt. subscriber line Week. parvenue York Feb 05, 2007. , Iss. 4020 pg. 64, retrieved at 07/22/2010 from http//www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/07_06/b4020001. htm Helm, B. (2010). Ethnic Marketing McDonalds Is Lovin It. Bloomberg Business Week, retrieved whitethorn 15, 2011 at http//www. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/10_29/b4187022876832. htm A Golden chemical formula for McDonalds Europe, by Kerry Capell(2010). A Golden Recipee for McDonalds Europe. Business Week (on line), modern York, July 18, 2008, retrieved at 07/200/2010 from http//www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/jul2008/gb20080717_293203. htm Patton, L. (2011). Ronald McDonald Sidelined as Chain Toutes Lattes. B loomberg Business Week, retrieved May 15, 2011, at http//www. businessweek. com/news/2011-03-02/ronald-mcdonald-sidelined-as-chain-touts-lattes. html

International Development and Development Projects

Since Pakistans commencement in 1947, the legislature has attempted nonstop flight endeavors to give free, all inclusive, essential reproduction to its residents. This is prove by expository plans, strategies, and five-year training segment changes, incorporating organizations with global offices and created nations.Be that as it may, these endeavors have not yielded any additions for the natives. Pakistan has a proficiency rate of 49.9 percent, one of the most bring down in South Asia and whatever is left of the world. Pakistans male and female reproduction rates are 61.7 percent and 35.2 percent. The female education rate drops to 25 percent in rustic regions, and girlish ladies take interference of lv percent drops to 20% from Grade 1 to 6.For the reasons for these measurements, a proficient somebody is characterized by Pakistans Ministry of Education as one who can read a daily paper and compose a straightforward letter in any dialect. Pakistans populace of 167 million is sixty-five percent country and cardinal percent urban, with residents confronting different interlinked issues influencing their personal satisfaction, for example, absence of education, neediness, and the absence of essential necessities (protect, gas, water, and power).Likewise, a culture of feudalism and man controlled society makes structures of energy and control that turn down nationals of their rights, including that of training. Studies have been directed on training in Pakistan, 1. Investigations of ladies character, sexual orientation, and training have been directed by get together Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Childrens Funds (UNICEF), and the Aga Khan University-Institute of Educational Development (AKU-IED) Institute in Pakistan. vista all notes, be that as it may, they have been constrained in grasp as far as young ladies training. This article tends to the hole in female proficiency grant. Its motivation is t o fundamentally examine the condition of young ladies instruction in Pakistan regarding three factors the purposes behind low proficiency and school enlistment rates, sexual orientation inclinations in educational programs and reading material, and cordial standards.In view of this investigation, the article finishes up with measures to build school enlistment and proficiency rates for young ladies and ladies.Paper refA Critical compend of School Enrollment and Literacy Rates of Girls and Women in PakistanAmna LatifJournalEducational StudiesA Journal of the American Educational Studies AssociationVolume 45, 2009 Issue 5 WOMEN AND EDUCATIONReferencesAzam, Z (1993). Towards the 2 maiden Century Pakistan Women, education and Social Change. National Book foundation, capital of Pakistan Pakistan, p.53. Federal Bureaue of Statistics, Islamabad (2008-09).Khalid Tanveer, (1998) An Introduction to Educational Philosophy and History, 9th Edition, S.M. Printers, Karachi, Pakistan, p. 3.Khali d, H.S. (1996), Female Teachers and Girls access code to Primary Schools in rural Pakistan A Case Study, pp.34-55. Latif, A. (2007).Alarming pip of Education in Pakistan. World Education Forum, News and Views, Grassroots Stories Pakistan. Saeed, Amera, (1990), morphologic Issues in Women Development in Pakistan, UNICIEF 12 D East SNC Center, dispirited Area, Islamabad,1990, pp.27-35.Vidyu Lata, (1990).Developing Rural Women, New Delhi, Discovery Publishers, p.1. Leach Fiona E., Angela Little (1999) Education, cultures, and economics dilemmas for development, 1st Edition, Routledge Publishers, Newyark, pp. 351-375.

Developing Yourself as an effective HR Practitioner Essay

inventionThe intention of this report is to address the following reading stunnedcomes-to run into the fellowship, skills and conducts ask to be an effective HR practicianknow how to deliver punctual and effective HR services to lose users request andbe equal to(p) to reflect on my experience practice and learning ask and keep an eye on a plan for personal discipline.For the drive of this report I will use research journals, books and internet searches, in secernateicular, support and guidance from the CIPD website in stray to reflect on my sustain personal experience and skills to constructively align with the assessment criteria.Cargoner in briefThroughout my life history I establish had a diverse range of posts including the recruitment and extract of employees, carrying out inductions with new staff, issuing contracts of employment and job descriptions, carrying out appraisals and pose train if use uped. I have in every case been responsible for the implementation of yearbook budgets and setting sales targets.Activity 1HR Profession playThe HR Profession single- leverd function is a model designed specif vociferatey by HR trafficals to servicing HR practitioners identify the familiarity and skills demanded by the profession. The social function describes what to do, what is needed to know and how to do it. Essentially the Map provides a far-flung overview on how, within an arrangement the HR department functions. It too shows what is expect within the role of an HR practitioner from all levels ground on the individuals powers and experience. The Map has also been designed to support HR captains at every stage of their cargoner and sets out the global standards for HR. The go along and flexible framework has been developed for c beer progression in perception that HR roles and career progression skunk vary.The Map contains lead fall upon components10 Professional areas what HR practitioners need to do and know8 Behaviours how to carry out activities4 wads and transitions how to develop from one role to another, intermit into four mickles of competence which illustrate the hierarchy of the profession. The main(prenominal) purpose of the Map design was to highlight 10 headmaster areas at four diverse bands of competency and then eight key behaviours at which all HR paids need to operate.The 10 professional areas set out what a practitioner needs to do and know for distri only ifively area of the HR profession listed belowOrganisation designOrganisation cultureResourcing and talent readinessLearning and talent developmentPerformance and rewardEmployee engagementEmployee dealingService, delivery and information prima(p) HRInsights, scheme and solutionsWhat is considered the two magnetic core professional areas sit at the heart of the professional map Leading HR and Insights, strategy and solutions which are applic up to(p) to all HR professionals disregardless of their role and are explained in more detail below. The core Insights, strategy and solutionsThis core area describes how HR professionals within Human Resources can overhaul optimise their system of ruless performance using insights to create HR strategies and deliver solutions that stick, staying agile and innovative. An HR specialist actively develops an witnessing of the brass instruments goals and how HR actively contributes to their delivery by knowing how the organisation is structured and how the teams work together. They understand the product or service that their organisation provides and who the customers are and they understand the goals of the organisation. As an HR specialist they are also expected to guide their team to create solutions that deliver value in line with the organisation. tabulate 1 shows how I am able-bodied to examine companionship and understanding relating to this particular core area.Table 1 ad hominem knowledge and competency relating to ins ights, strategy and solutions Business Knowledge1.18.2 The vision and purpose of the organisation and how this relates to your role.I researched and created the disdains Vision Statement. It was important to create a vision statement at the outset to assist with future planning and where we wanted to the come upon the business in the future. Creating the vision statement busheled spryly upon my role as Owner/Director as I had invested my own money to execute the ambitions I had of building the business.The core Leading HRThis are relates to HR professionals being active, insight-led leaders owning, shaping and driving themselves, others and activity within their organisation, not just observing or facilitating. The model suggests that an HR specialist pencil lead HR services acts as a role model to help develop their teams goals The model also suggests that they know how to engage people with various rear endgrounds by utilising their experience and skills and by developing their teams knowledge of the operational plan of the organisation and helping their team to drive ship whilst supporting and mentoring other HR team members. Table 2 shows how I am able to demonstrate my knowledge and understanding of this core area. Table 2Personal knowledge and competency relating to leading HR Personal leadership2.1.2 Seek feedback and coaching job to continually learn and develop as a professional. Use HR makees as appropriate for own CPD (e.g. through My HR Map)As Managing Director of my own retail business it was essential that I had proven skills to cover up my own professional development. I therefore sourced various courses which would lead to an appropriate qualification which augmented my current skills and qualifications. I gained a Management qualification in 2011 and am now seeking my CIPD foundation Certificate a aim2. The 8 behaviours within the map describe how work activities should be carried out and make a contribution to the organisation s success and are detailed below Decisive thinker demonstrates an ability to analyse and understand data and information. Skilled influencer demonstrates an ability to influence to gain necessary consignment & axerophthol support from diverse stakeholders for organisation value. Personally credible builds & delivers professionalism by combining commercial and HR expertise to bring value to the organisation. Collaborative works effectively and inclusively with a range of people both(prenominal) within and outside the organisation. Driven to deliver determination, resourceful & purpose to deliver best results. Courage to challenge shows courage and confidence to enunciate skil fully challenging others if confronted with resistance. Role model consistently leads by example. Acts with integrity, rightfulness and independence, balancing personal, organisational and legal parameters. Curious future focused, inquisitive, seeks out evolving and innovative ship fashion to add value. Finally, the 4 bands of competence range from Band 1 to Band 4. Band 1 covers the early stages of an HR career, culminating in Band 4 for the most aged leaders in HR and separately band defines the responsibilities required by HR professionals at every stage of their career.Personal competency at Band 2 within one professional areaFor the purpose of this particular section I have elect the following professional areaLearning and talent development ability assessment6.21.2 How to work with an individual to assess their learning and cookery needsWhilst being self-employed, I was responsible for the supervision and management of sales staff. In particular there was one staff member who was identified as requiring that additional training as she wished to continue with her own professional development. I therefore undertook the following procedures to identify the appropriate learning and training Following the employees initial induction, risk assessment and 3 calenda r month appraisal, it was identified that she would like to achieve her NVQ 3 in Business boldness, having successfully faultless her NVQ 2 in her previous employment.WHY she wanted only qualificationsFollowing on from the appraisal, I researched appropriate course material to see what the NVQ 3 entailed to ensure that the employees current job role would be sufficient to fulfil the requirements of the NVQ 3 as she intended to progress within the industry.WHAT learning opportunities are thereI contacted Sunderland ITEC as the employee had previously completed a training course with them and I knew that ITEC would still be able to offer the apprenticeship at level 3. I therefore requested that a representative come out to see us in order to identify the relevant information to enable her to complete the NVQ level 3.WHEREIn house training and periodic day release & monthly visits from her training adviser The NVQ level 3 in Business Administration can be completed in-house with day release once a month to the training facility for the employee to go through their portfolio with their training advisor. The training advisor attended the business once a month to turn over a progress review on the employee and to gather evidence.HOWI identified, with the help of the Training Adviser that there was funding available for under 25s to enable them to complete NVQ training under my mentorship.Activity 2For this activity I am required to identify 3 users of HR services, establish one need for each and explain how contrary needs would be identified and prioritised to give examples of three effective communication techniques, outlining the reinforcements and disfavors of each and finally effectice service delivery to include delivery service on time, delivering service on budget, dealing with difficult customers, handling and resolving complaints. in that location are many users of the HR services within my organisation but I have chosen the following thr ee users for the purpose of this appointee and set out what their need may be and how the conflicting element of each user is identified and prioritised by the HR Department hound motorbussEmployeesPotential Employees (Applicants)Line ManagerThe Line Manager has the sole business for their team. They therefore need their team to be productive and motivated to meet the demands and targets of the organisation. They should ensure that absenteeism is kept to a minimum and that all workers are ingenious professional workers. betrothal may arise if employees fail to meet expectations or targets to a point where the Line Managers own professional career may be under threat.EmployeesOne of an employees main goals is to gain financial reward and training for the commitment they give to the organisation. A conflict may arise if the employee is de-motivated in their job role overdue to not being sufficiently qualified or lacking in certain skills which could easily be identified and rect ified by further training and support.Potential EmployeesIt is commonplace in many professions that say-so employees are better qualified and trained than most long standing employees of the organisation. However, it is often the case whereby there are many applicants for each authority vacancy with many applicants being advantageously qualified with respect to the vacancy. Conflict may arise as the HR practitioner will be required to shortlist from numerous actions for one vacancy therefore they need to be able to quickly and accurately assess each application and CV for precise key specifications required on the job description.How conflicting needs are metAs can be seen, the needs of the employees, potential employees and the line managers are different but similar. The conflicting needs of the three users of the HR services are identified by their working behaviour and the motive behind doing their job. The varying conflicts can be prioritised by firstly understanding the needs of the employees as they are the backbone of the organisation and arranging further training or negotiating pay increases with the Line Manager based on the employees work ethics, commitment and qualifications.Further training can be a motivating influence on any employee olibanum fulfilling the needs of the organisation and take noteing a happy yet professional kin with their line manager as he will have fully qualified and skilled staff, therefore the conflicting priority with the Line Manager is that his concerns are fulfilled by having motivated staff. The final priority is the potential/new employees as it would be envisage that any new employee would be fully qualified and experienced to do the job correctly. Methods of trenchant Communication, the advantages and disadvantages of eachThe three methods of communication I have chosen for this assignment areOral/Face to FaceAn advantage of this communication style is that it is immediate and you gain an immediate respon se. It makes giving an pedagogics to an employee simpler as you are able to express the requirements expected of them using intonation, hand gestures and examples. Body language is also important in this type of communication both on the part of the communicator and receiver.A disadvantage could be that an employee could misinterpret or forget the instruction once the conversation is finished and time has lapsed.Electronic ie. netmail/ predictAn advantage of this communication is that it is also immediate. A read receipt or delivered acknowledgement is gained in sending an email therefore the sender is conscious(predicate) that the recipient has received the message and once again when calling somone on the send for you can immediately relay your message.The disadvantage of a telephone call may be that the receiver is not at their desk and therefore a voicemail message may be left and there would be no quantifycale as to when the receiver would pick up their messages. Agai n the disadvantage with an email is that the intonation can be easily misinterpreted.Written ie. memos/minutesAn advantage of create verbally communication is that it eliminates the risk of the recipient forgetting the task as it has been written down and given to them therefore reports, letters, memos, etc can be read again and again if anything is not understood and minutes can be changed if something is omitted. The disadvantage with written communication is that it may take time to reach to the desired destination. Also minutes or letters may get a late response if management need to call upon a administration to face meeting to clarify any uncertainties within the report/minutes.Effective Service DeliveryEffective service delivery is vital to any organisation as the reputation of the business is dependent upon it. In my role as owner of a bridal business it is imperative that we maintain high standards of service delivery to customers at all times. Delivering service on time is vital as there are often make when brides inform us that their wedding date has been set for a numerate of weeks ahead. If a new bridal gown needs to be consistent there is a rush service available at a minimal cost to the customer as it guarantees 8 weeks delivery quite a than the usual 16. Many customers are also working to a clinched budget therefore we always have a range of trim down cost bridal gowns and sale gowns available. There have also been times when we have encountered difficult customers and have had to handle and go down complaints. Although the first archetype is to be defensive, it is imperative that you listen intently to the complaint as losing a customer and receiving negative recommendations for your business is detrimental.After listening to the customers complaint which is often said in anger, you need to go back over the question Lets go over whats happened so we can resolve this and apologising without sounding patronising but depending on the nature of the complaint it is sometimes necessary to reinforce the shop policy. On occasions, it is also considered appropriate to offer refunds or exchanges in order to resolve a complaint.Activity 3I have self assessed against the tie in Membership criteria, electronically via the CIPD website and I have used the findings to identify 2 development needs at band 1 which I have h on my Personal Development Plan (attached) where I require further training to meet the criteria and are mentioned below in drumheadInsights, Strategy and SolutionsSupport the organisation development specialists in delivering organisation development interventions and associate change.Employee RelationsThe fundamentals of employee relations.Definition of CIPDOne definition of proceed professional development states that CPD is part of lifelong learning a gist of gaining career security a means of personal development a means of assuring the public that individual professionals are up-to-date a meth od whereby professional associations can verify competence and a way of providing employers with a competent and adaptable workforce. Friedman, A. & Phillips, M. (2004) Continuing professional development developing a vision, Journal of Education and Work, 17(3) pp361-376. CPD is important as it ensures you continue to be competent in your profession, it shows a commitment to lifelong learning and may also be a requirement of a professional role or membership to a professional body. It is an ongoing process and continues throughout a professionals career. The ultimate outcome of well planned continual professional development is that it safeguards the public, the employer, the professional and the professionals career. Explain at least 2 of the options I considered for meeting my development needs against my plan for future development.One of the options I chose for further development was The fundamentals of Employee Relations as this is an area I feel I can grow exponentia lly. The outcome of this module is to enable me to understand the impact of employment law at the start of the employment relationship understand the main individual rights that the employee has during the employment relationship and understand the issues to address at the termination of the employment relationship. I wish to build my knowledge somewhat these areas as I would like to progress into a more managerial position with my current employers as they currently have no senior HR personnel and it is therefore important to have sound knowledge of employee and employer rights. Another area I wish to extend my knowledge is Resourcing talents. The organisation is currently under redevelopment and I wish to lead into a more senior position therefore gaining further knowledge and expertise is prerequisite to my future growth within the organisation.

Meance Ii Society

Corine James peril Society II Caine Lawson was traffic with social structure theories and social acquirement theory. The choices Caine had to make was dealing with his past and he tries to better himself . That conclusion came with antithetical kinds of fell theories. Social knowledge theory is the focus on learning socially constructed meanings and beliefs through the association of family and peers. Caine had grown up in a rough black neighborhood filled with poverty, drugs, gangs, and death.This process where we not bargonly learn how to, but the why its to engage in criminal acts. Kelvin(O-Dog) reactions were related to latent trait theory and sociocultural theory. The scene were O-Do g shot a guy for nothing. The guy only want a fix from O-Dog and he just shot him for no reason. The sociocltural view shows that gangs argon natural response to lower class life and the status pass on boys who cannot realize their aspirations by their means. On a cultural level, youth are e ncourage to join gangs during periods of social, economic, and cultural turmoil.Clifton Powell- Pernell relates to strain theory includes the scene were he tells caine that he has his blessing to date Ronnie. This is the guy Caine looked up to as a dad. According to this view because of strain and social isolation, have a peculiar lower-class culture that develops in disappointment. Ronnie played the strain theory dealing with raising a child on her on. The scene where she walks in on Caine shows her son a gun. Chauncy scene related to social theory in acting out insurance fraud.

Critical and Creative Thinking Questions

I think the four major sources of stress in my biography would be bullion macrocosm number one. This is because I am an planetary student who moved from Hong Kong to America. Having doing this I had to learn how to manage my own money for example rent, bills , and also enough for entertainment. When I was living in Hong Kong with my family I didnt have to worry about every(prenominal) these factors so it came lento to me. Family would be another source of stress in my life simply only because of me being away by myself in another coun chasten.This is the likes ofly because this is the first time I have been away from home and having to ensure after myself and the money issue my p arents especially tend to get also worried, which in close to cases cause a litter of fights. Im not axiom this is something bad exactly defiantly something that fag trigger me at some points. My social skills is a definite source of stress in my life, This being because I am not in truth good at interacting, socializing and communicating with other human beings. Some of my interactions and relationships can be very stressful and tension filled, and i al just about come off as being a very unsociable person.If you where experiencing a catch of senior high stress, what would you do to avoid illness? If I where to experience a period of high stress I would probably exercise a lot which unremarkably military services me with depression and tension and also relaxes me. But also employment improves cardiovascular efficiency and enlarges strength that could help avoid illness callable to stress. I believe that when your exercising and you sweat a lot, it almost feels like your getting rid of all the problems in your life. Why are smoking-prevention efforts often aimed at adolescents?Smoking prevention efforts are usually aimed at adolescents because thats when a lot of smokers imbibe smoking a form of tobacco, such as cigarettes, cigars and chewing tobacco. A lot of youngsters and often yieldd by peer press and imitation of role models, even family members. They think if your family member is smoking, its ok for them to try or to pursue it. Smoking prevention programs focus on more than immediate problems with smoking. films and discussions in these programs educate teens about peer pressure and the medias influence in smoking, as well up as helping them overcome this phase.What are the benefits of involving a persons family in behavior modification programs to plow chronic distressingness. When a person is suffering from chronic pain family members usually ask about it, which tends not to help the patient role. This is because talking about pain or what or how they feel often focuses on it more and they start to think about it and all there thoughts draws attention on it and increases its intensity. To prevent this, psychologists have treatments in there modification programs for both the patient and family members.I feel if having a fam ily member by your locating while you are going through this and they attending the programs help the patient. This is because the patient feels comfortable that some one close to them a (family member) is participating in these pain management plans which could help ease of the stress and pain. Which forms of coping do you most often draw on? When I am express I believe the best way for me to cope is by earshot and finding new music. Not only does music relax me but sometimes it could be deeper than that.Lyrics of a song can sometimes or somehow relate to what your going through and can often help and solve the problems. Which of the resources for stress management seem most important to you? I believe that social support is the most important resource to me because when im stressed I tend to feel much erupt when I have people around me to discuss what I am going through, but also just because someone is there to listen. destruction friends and family often make us feel comfort able and important and put forward positive attitude to changes in our life.Critical and Creative Thinking Questions1) angiotensin-converting enzyme and perception are closely linked. What is the central distinction between the 2?Sensations can be delimit as the passive process of manner of speaking information from the outside world into the body and to the brain. The process is passive in the sense that we do not have to be consciously savory in a sensing process. Perception can be defined as the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses.2) If we sensed and attended equalisely to each stimulus in the world, the sum of information would be overwhelming. What sensory and perceptual processes help us change magnitude the din?Perceptions vary from person to person. Different people perceive contrary things about the same situation. But more than that, we assign different meanings to what we perceive. And the meanings efficiency change for a certain person. One might change ones military position or simply make things mean something else. You would also use sight to observe different people who were having a conversation as well as listening to observe all the conversation taking place.3)What senses would probably be impaired if a person were somehow missing all of the apparatus of the ear (including the outer, middle, and inner ear)?If someone was to lose total auditory sense that would be devastating. If you were to totally lose your hearing you would be losing one of the most important senses you have and this can affect you in other areas including your equal equilibrium not being able to walk straight can cause major ramifications in your life like blurred vision, headaches as well as the loss as speech

President Roosevelt and the New Deal

In the 1920s or the Roaring Twenties as they were hence referred to, there was a massive deal of notes, abuse and corruption drifting around in the the Statesn economy and stock market. A pass on of raft were buy on credit and getting step forward loans to endow on the stock market. This was encour sequenced by President Hoover and his republican restrainment. The reason for their doing of this was partly to gain a lot of money for themselves and to dissemble America look best for any visitors. It was a time of conservatism, it was a time smashing hearty change.From the world of fashion to the world to politics, forces clashed to kick upstairs the most explosive decade of the century. In music, the sound of the age was jazz. The distinguish Age came around with artist like Bessie Smith and Duke Ellington. Youth rule everything. From the late styles of dress to the latest celebrities. If it was younker, it was the thing. The new age ladies of this time were young ladies who would go out wearing loose clothing and loads of invent up (flappers) and this was unseen forwards in the States. It was the age of prohibition, it was the age of prosperity, and it was the age of downfall.The Government encouraged the foul up to buy lots of goods and to frame in the stock market. The poorer people looked at the rich people and thought that they could be as rich as them if they took out a loan, but the verify manager would see these people as unreliable in the cost of the people paying bear the money. The bank managers therefore charged the poorer soulfulness maybe 15% interest where as if a person with a nice car and a macro house came in to guard out a loan then the manager would think that they be more likely to pay back the money so they would unless mold 5% interest on their loan.This in fact ascribe the poorer person in even more debt as they had to pay back a lot more than the richer person. It was also a time of great racism in Amer ica with the Ku Klux Klan operating in their most wrong period killing a lot of people and the police merely took any nonice of their actions. Most city officials were owned by the mafia and they did whatever the maffia wanted them to do. This greatly incr puffd the rate of crime in most parts of America and because this was the time of prohibition the Mafia brought lots of alcohol into the country.His party was a very relaxed with the economy and with the office it was fertilize and they had adopted a policy of laissez faire. They said that they would not govern and guide the American economy but they would let it take its style down its own path and see where it ends up. Obviously they did not all abandon it however they did not keep the right amount of look on it as they should welcome done. This irregular regulation the economy guide to an major imbalance in the products which America had been selling to their population.The people that bought the large goods that fu elled the American economy, for instance cars, fridges and radios were not going to keep on buying them forever. If a family had a car then unless they were rich they would not invest in another car because there would be no get to. This is the same with fridges and radios because people did not need to buy two or three fridges or radios. Most people could manage with one fridge and again, unless you were quite well-off you were unlikely to buy more than one radio.These major products therefore only had a limited field of marketing before the field was over- farmed and nobody wanted to buy from that field anymore. This major step-down in sale therefore led to a major reducing in the amount of people employed by a company. For example, intersection motor cars would not have to employ as many people if they are not producing as many cars because they will not have to run as more than machinery and the manual cast-ons will not be as substantial. Because of this many people were m ade redundant and were forced to go without a job.During President Hoovers presidency there were no unemployment benefits so people who lost their jobs would have to either try and get another job or live on the money that they already had which for most peoples cases that was not a great deal of money. For most this money only lasted a couple of months so people started to sell a lot of their prop and people started selling their houses to gain a little extra cash. In these cases most people did not get a lot of money for their houses and soon found themselves living in shanty towns or Hoovervilles as a lot of Americans called them.Hoover did not really care about the peoples situation and his policy was that people should sort out their own problems. These Hoovervilles housed great quantities of crime (mainly with the Mafia), heavy drugs also supplied by the gangs and they were very dirty and run down. A new president was to be called for to sort out the problems that America had to deal with. These mainly were that the amount of crime had to be brought down and the huge Depression had to be lifted of the people of America. The man to propose these solutions was a man called Franklin Delano Roosevelt.Franklin was a very clever man who had had a good upbringing and who had always had money in his family While at Harvard, Franklin pilot in love with Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, his fifth cousin once removed. Eleanor had had a move childhood. Her mother, a beautiful socialite who gave her little affection, died when Eleanor was eight. Her father, Theodore Roosevelts brother, was spirited and charming. But he was runny and alcoholic, and he died when Eleanor was ten. Orphaned, she lived with her maternal grandmother and entered her teens feeling rejected, ugly, and ill at ease in society.When Franklin, a dashing Harvard man two long time her senior, paid her attention, she was flattered and receptive. On March 17, 1905, the two Roosevelts were married. Her uncl e Theodore, president of the United States, gave her away. The marriage was booming enough on the surface. Within the next 11 years Eleanor delivered 5 children (a sixth died in infancy) Anna (1906), James (1907), Elliott (1910), Franklin D. , Jr. (1914), and John (1916). Having been born into wealth, the Roosevelts neer lacked for money, and Eleanor and Franklin moved easily among the upper classes in New York and Campobello.Eleanor, however, was often unhappy. For much of her married life she had to live near Franklins widowed and domineering mother. Family duties unbroken her at home, while Franklin played poker with friends or enjoyed the good life. Later, during existence War I, she was staggered to discover that Franklin was having an affair with her social secretary, a pretty young Virginian named Lucy Mercer. Despite these tensions, Eleanor remained a helpful mate throughout the 40 years of her marriage to Franklin. When he contracted polio in 1921, she labored onerous to restore his emotional health and to encourage his political ambitions.Thereafter, with Franklin confined to gear up and wheelchairs, she served as his eyes and ears. Because she possessed deep sympathy for the underprivileged, she guided his social conscience. Franklin was the man who proposed to the American populace his solutions to get America out of the mess that the country was in. Previously In 1910 Roosevelt was elected to the New York Senate and made the regulator of New York. While he was the governor he tried out some of his plans like unemployment benefits and these proved to work well in the retrieval of peoples lives.He was willing when he came to be elected for President to put these plans into action and the people liked this. The people believed that they could trust Roosevelt because he had put some of his plans into action before and they had worked well in New York. This wherefore he beat Hoover by a landslide voter turnout in the elections in 1932. When he became President he immediately inflexible his plans rolling and the people knew that they had made the right choice in the bounce of a President and Government that were actually going to do something convinced(p) for the country.

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Essay

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Privacy seems to be something that many people desire, only is becoming less and less available. With in all the new technology, it is easier than ever to invade individuals secretiveness. With cameras e realwhere, from ATMs to peoples cell phones, it is sticky for anyone to do anything that can be kept to one s self. firearm privacy is a honest that the average person doesnt normally struggle with, it is a riddle that celebrities encounter everyday.Paparazzi are constantly following these famous people most as they do their everyday things wish shopping, playing with their children, partying, or alone hanging in their homes. It is basically the price to pay to be famous. While these celebrities lives are invaded to a large degree, shouldnt they still enjoy the reclaim to keep some aspects of their lives private? Celebrities should defy the right to keep things like medical exam records private, because not only is it a infring ement of the Health indemnity Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), it is unethical to release medical information close someone to the ordinary, purge celebrities.In recent years, there come been a number of break-ins of honor medical records that have been leaked to the tabloids. In 2006 one of the earths leading medical institutions discovered that the security of their medical records had been breached when The case Enquirer crisscrossed a story about Farrah Faucets genus Cancer relapse, before the actress even told any of her family members (Steinhaurer, 2008). Ms. Faucet is not the only celebrity who has had this happen.In 2007, George Clooney was informed that his medical records were accessed by people who didnt have the right to look at them, following a motorcycle split up that left the actor with broken ribs and scrapes. Britney Spears was also a victim when the media describe that she was involuntarily hospitalized in 2008 and put in the psych ward unde r the thought process she could be a danger to others or herself. Gossip outlets and other parole media reported on her interactions with staff and visitors throughout her hospitalization (Techweb, 2008).These are incidents that have occurred for many years, as tabloids are incessantly involvemented in the medical issues celebrities deal with, and keeping it under wraps is more difficult with technology devising it easier for anyone to gain instant access to wellness secrets. With the advent of ne iirked computers, the problem has increase exponentially, and celebrities are constantly surrounded by people who are ordain to trade in medical information for profit or their declare 15 minutes (Blankstein, 2008).While the people who accessed the records of these celebrities and leaked the stories are definitely at fault, I hypothesize that much of the blame also lies with the reporters and journalists who actually print and air the stories. The mechanical press is violating pri vacy by releasing these stories in two ways, legally and ethically. Medical privacy rules apply to everybody, including celebrities, Alicia Mitchell, spokesperson for the American hospital Association said. Everybody is entitled to confidentiality of what is often very personal information (Rhea, 2007). By printing the very private medical information, there was a violation of HIPPA.HIPPA is an act that went into effect in 1996 and it set a national metre for securing and protecting patient health information. Hospitals have strict policies against leaking information, with the exceptions of insurance and integrity enforcement investigations. Because of this law, many health care providers wont even ask to treating some patients (Techweb, 2008). While the people who leaked the stories to the press have been reprimanded by either suspension or termination, there wasnt any vitrine of consequences for the press for reporting this illegal material.That brings me to the ethical vio lation. Depriving people of their privacy is a beastly and immoral act, which could destroy their lives. The sole objective of tabloids is to make money, so theyll go to any extreme to satisfy their readers and increase circulation figures (Heng, 2006). It is obvious that celebrity news is an outlet that sells, as seen by the numerous tabloids and entertainment shows. The creation has an interest in what is going on in the lives of these rich and glamorous people.This brings on a form of mediated voyeurism, which can be defined as, the usage of revealing images and information about others real and unguarded lives, not always for the purpose of entertainment but frequently at the expense of privacy and discourse, through the means of the mass media (Calvert, 2000). Basically saying that the public has a need to see these famous people and learn about their lives, even at the risk of invading their privacy. The tabloids simply exploit the publics desire to learn these things, re gardless of the ethical issues of invading a tender-hearted beings privacy.They know people depart buy it and that they will make money. I think that to be an ethical journalist it is in-chief(postnominal) to empathize with the person whose life is about to be splashed on the papers. Of course there is the matter of getting the story and pleasing the readers and the editor, but it should take into account the publics real right to know. A story about the health of someone like the President of the unify States might be something worth printing, because knowing how he is medically is of public interest because this is a man that is running the country.However, that is a different scenario with someone like Britney Spears. She is simply an entertainer and it isnt important for the public to know her health because it will not affect the daily lives of people. It is simply news that the public likes to learn about. If I were a journalist, I would like to think to myself how I would feel if someone had released my medical records for the public to read. I would feel very violated. As Lance Morrow states, Good journalistic standards are not difficult to state, just tough sometimes when applied case by case.Journalists manoeuver best when they are mature, experienced, and intelligent when they keep their work as abstemious and simple as possible when they fall back upon decency and common awareness if questions arise about whether to run a piece (Morrow, 2002). If these people were accepted journalists, they would think ethically about whether or not to release this type of information, and whether or not it is simply the decent thing to do. I would think that it would be an easy answer because, just because someone is famous, doesnt mean that all of their privacy rights should be violated.

Analysis of Unilever’s Risks and Risk Management Strategies Essay

With the rapid development of modern economy, companies ar alship canal undefended to happens which argon penetrating to all walks of life and non only equal in the crossroads securities indus show, to a greater extentover also exist in financial market (Ballou, 2005). It is undoubtedly that fortunes jeopardize the unions development in that they whitethorn increase the equal of a partys operation and collect it harder for a participation to make a crucial decision. Accordingly, it is essential to do ventures and watch away gamble circumspection st localizegies.This essay leave behind for the first time map come forward Unilevers crease model and have a brief analysis on it. Following this, it go forth illustrate specifically assays Unilever is expose to in sapless of the concern model. Mean time, it will point out whatsoever perils Unilever has not managing enough. Next, the essay will assess approximately risk management strategies Unilever has int erpreted to mitigate or avoid the risks. Finally, it will pr separately the guild some more risk management strategies in come in to help it mitigate or maintain risks.Analysis of Unilevers line of die hard ModelBusiness ModelA line of descent model, strictly speaking, is the makeups core logic for creating value (Jane & Susan, 2000). After all over 80 years development, Unilever has flummox one of the largest suppliers of consumer products in the world. Its strong portfolio of foods, piazza and personal care brands is trusted by consumers the world over. Unilevers glide by 13 brands account for total trades of over EUR23 billion and drop dead 25 brands represent nearly 75% of the sales (Unilever annual Report, 2009). Unilever is a well-operated friendship, and its transmission line model is mapped out as follows Key PartnersSuppliersContractorsDistributorsKey Activities look forDesign outturnSaleValue PropositionProduce forward-looking and good-quality persona l and ho wasting diseasehold care goods for consumers and try to make battalion have good and comfortable every day Produce and sell alimentary foods, such as tea, ice cream, dressing to people and to make them respect a better life. client RelationshipsDeliver goods to customers via various channelsCustomer SegmentsHuge segment of customersCustomers all over the worldKey ResourcesBrands /LabelsEmployeesProduction Sites & LinesTechnology Information,Intellectual Property, Embracing DiversityChannelsMalls SupermarketsStores GroceriesPharmacies terminus MarketsCost StructureResearch comprise, design cost, production cost, supply and sale cost, marketing and packagingal spend, management cost Revenue Structure sales of the consumer goods the family researches, designs and produces.Analysis of the Business ModelThe business model mapped out above indicates that a multi-national enterprise like Unilever has an integrated and inseparable business chain which is spherical on th e one hand, and multi-level on the separate hand, that is, its economical activities involve employees, suppliers, manufacturing businesss, stock, terminal markets, retailers, customers and former(a) beneficiaries (Ian, 2009). Such business model enables Unilever to become a world top supplier of consumer products. However, for each one coin has twain sides. Since the Unilevers business chain connects each other so most and relates to numerous parties and factors, thus the smart sets whole operation is earlier vulnerable and is easily theater of operations to various risks. assays Exposed to Unilever in light of the Business ModelMarket UncertaintiesAs a top supplier of consumer products, Unilevers business activities are operated within a global, vigorous and private-enterprise(a) market. Its business development is subject to the condition and dislodge of the whole market. Firstly, economic condition plays a crucial role on the development of Unilevers business as cons umption demand and purchase ability of consumers straight square up the sale of the products. 2008 and 2009 were relatively tough years for Unilever collectible to the global economic crisis (Unilever Annual Report, 2009).The economic downturn reduces consumers wealth and makes them unable to barter for as many products as before. Meanwhile, customers purchasing ability was greatly undermined and dour to buy those inexpensive but substantial products rather than those top-grade products. Customers reactions touch on Unilevers turnover rate, returns and funds travel by ear. Next, more and more companies are targeting the market of consumer goods due to the guideion of billions of consumers. Thus, the market of consumer goods is just like a world of pie and is per centumd by more and more competitors. Therefore, the whole market is indistinct and Unilever has to be well prepared for the fight against the economic gropingties and the industrial ferocious competition.F inancial InstabilityThe s reach rate risk is a risk brought to the value or the cash flow or profitability of a company when the change of the interest rate occurs. To clarify it more specifically, the move interest rate exposes the company to the risk of the increased interest cost and the increased borrowing by and bywards while the fixed interest rate makes the company subject to the risk of the loss of the fair value.Meanwhile, as a multinational company whose business activities are operated in more than one hundred eighty countries, Unilever is exposed to the risk of the fluctuation of the interchange rate during the assist of the change of currencies and the actual value of the currency may be decreased due to such fluctuation (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). Provided that Unilever does not handle the issue of interest rate and exchange rate well, the company may be subject to the expo accredited of the reduction of cash flow, turnover, profits which may subsequently adve rsely affect the companys credit rating, ability to raise capital and confidence of investors.Environmental guessAs a top producer of consumer goods, some waste water is generated for disposal and the company also discharges some CO2 from energy that the company uses in the process of the production (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). In case the said issues are not dealt with fittingly, the environment will probably be polluted.One of the Unilever factories in Brazil discharged a great deal of stink smell to the air due to the glowering operation in 2008 which impacted upon more than 100 thousand peoples normal life and Unilever was imposed a fine of 10 million Brazilian Real by the Brazilian government due to such pollution (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). Similar accidents will greatly ill-use the reputation of the company as not only the government but also common peoples awareness of environmental resistance has been greatly improved nowadays. Accordingly, Unilever is exposed to the environmental risk which may moderate in the heavy fine and adverse reputation.Loss of CustomersUnilevers impressive achievement obtained nowadays is on the one hand be causation of the superior products it supplies and on the other hand is inseparable to the customers sufficient trust of the company and its brands. However, the spare-time activity three factors may undermine customers trust to the company and its brands a. Products fail to resonate high product safety standards. Quality inspectors in each responsibility have set many standards and are doing lots of inspection work to en received the safety of products sold in the market.In case the product is found insecure or with any shortcomings, customers will feel scotch b. Lack of new products and technical capability. Customers have quite high requirements on products. Lack of new products and technical capability will push customers to other supplier of standardized consumer goods c. The assistant and produc t provided by the competitive company is better than Unilever. Loss of customers trust may be caused by some(prenominal) reasons, while the result is simply the loss of the companys cash flow and the damage of the companys growth and profitability. operating room RiskEach step of Unilevers business activity is separable to each other (Unilever Annual Report, 2009). For example, the companys production of goods is conditioned by the timely and secure supply of the rough-material, while the successful sale of goods necessarily hard-hitting storage and distribution capability. However, the supply of the companys raw material, mostly agriculture products, is based on the secure and sufficient sylvan production which may be influenced by weather, water scarcity, and farming practices. Similarly, the storage and distribution of products is usually influenced by the storage and distribution capability, the cost of it and the topical anesthetic social stability. Any issue of the foreg oing may badly influence Unilevers normal production and sale and subsequent cash flow, turnover, and profit and other business indexes.Risk of Employees and TalentsUnilever is a company with more than three hundred operation agencies in 88 countries, more than 1000 well-known brands and sells its products in more than 150 countries. Thus the successful operation of the company not only depends on the superior products, but also needs appropriately qualified employees. In the event that the company suffers high employment turnover rate, it may be exposed to the risk of high cost of training, suspend market share and loss of some investment opportunities which will impact the smooth development of the company and undermine the companys capability of competitiveness in the market.Legal RiskUnilever is doing business in more than 150 countries. Different country has very different legal administration and regulations concerning the employment, the product safety, the pricing, the int ellectual property rights, the disclosure, the environment and other factors (Ian, 2009). Legal risk may probably bring a suit to the company and will do harm to the companys reputation in local anesthetic market.Other Risks exposed to but not identified or elaborated by Unilever Unilever has found out and elaborated some risks exposed to the company however, there are some risks which have not aroused Unilevers great attentionRisk of New products victimisationIn nightclub to confront the industrial competition, Unilever needs to exploit continually new products to attract customers and consolidate the relationship with customers. The exploitation of a new product fundamentally involves following steps design, research, selection of the scheme, the involvement and allocation of the resources, the production and promotion of the products. However, there are some uncertain factors existing in the process of new products exploitation, such as technology, market, fund and environment and each uncertain factor may take away to the unsuccessful exploitation, loss of cost or negative reputation to the company (Michel, 2001).Physical RiskA company is unavoidably exposed to some natural disasters or accidents (Jane, 2000), such as fire, windstorm or earthquake which will cause the property damage or employees body injury. Such damage or injury will cause the companys normal operation affected and subsequently, turnover, cash flow and profitability will be impacted.Other risksThe company is also exposed to other risks such as fiscal, tax and so on.Interaction of Risk FactorsEconomic Downturn Market Uncertainties Risk of New Product Exploitation Financial Instability Legal Risk Loss of Customers Risk of Employees and Talents Operation Risk All risks illustrated above do not exist severally but rather influence interactively (Geert, 2008). The economic downturn will check to the financial instability which may cause the company to operate adversely and the subsequent poor operation may cause the company to slope more fierce industrial competition and environmental risk. The said issues are easy to lead to the loss of employees and talents which may also subsequently lead to poor operation and vice versa. To sum up, the factors function with each other and the company has to take some effective and holistic measures to defend these risks. judgment of Unilevers Risk forethought Strategies Unilever has recognize that most of the risks exposed to it may become material obstacles to the companys further development. Accordingly, it has tried to taken some effective and structured measures to identify and because exploit the gravestone risk management strategies for the business (Michael, 2007). The specific risk management strategies it has secondhand are as follows1. Unilever has been carefully admonishering economic indicators and consumer behavior in different areas through extensive and professional research in order to respond quickly and take new and flexible measures to meet the changing demand of customers.2. In order to deal with the issue of financial instability, the company has been making efforts to get access to global debt markets through various ways such as short-term or long-term debt programs. Unilever attaches great sizeableness to the fluctuation of interest rate, trying to have different types of financial function and balance the risks between floating and fixed rate interest after a professional prediction and assessment of the interest rate Regarding to the contrasted exchange rate, Unilever sets a policy which limits the operating companies financial foreign exchange exposures so as to minimize such risk. 3. Unilever has made a serial publication of standards and policies for the procedure of design, manufacture, and distribution of products to ensure the high standards of products quality.Unilever also has a sustainable Development Group which is comprised of five external spec ialists, engaging in the companys development of the strategy. Unilever also has specific policy concerning products recall in case theres products quality incident. 4.Unilever has set complete and effective contingency measures and system to ensure the material supply or to share the production task between different production sites or to use substitute materials in case of the lack of the material. The company also calculates the cost of transportation and distribution from time to time and to adjust the policy and service promptly to optimize the cost. These measures enable the company to operate well. 5. Unilever needs to find a way to attract, develop, train and retain qualified employees.The company has an admiring humankind resource system. It has produceed Resource charges to identify employees skill and capability, define employees passage paths. It also provides numerous opportunities for employees to improve their skills, leadership abilities through training and coa ching. Meanwhile, Unilever shall take measures to enhance employees risk management ability. Ballou and Heiger (2005) propose shifting the employees attitudes about risk management to acknowledge monitoring, measuring, and controlling certain risks while sharing, avoiding, and accepting that other risks will not occur in effect in a short period of time.6. Unilever has set policies to make sure employees follow policies and abide by local laws and regulations in all applicable aspects concerning its business and activities. Regarding those crucial issues and activities, the prior legal check and consent are needed in the company. In a word, Unilever has been making great efforts to build effective, reasonable and practicable strategies for risk management. The boards have overall responsibility for Unilevers risk management and the company has a Code of Business Principles which stipulates the standards of business operation and requires employees to abide by the code. The above strategies enable Unilever to operate its business well in the global market.New Risks Exposed to Unilever and Recommended Risk Management Strategies Besides risk management strategies mentioned above, the writer will recommend some more strategies for Unilever and try to give it some ideas onbetter monitor and manage its risks.Transfer and Divert RisksIn order to avoid the policy and losses brought by such risks to the development of the company, Unilever may select to enthrallee risks by applying for insurance. Modern insurance system is the idealist way to transfer risks (Mike, 2006). For example, Unilever may transfer the risks of property, employers liability and business interruption by applying for the insurance of Property All Risks, Employers Liability and Business Interruption so as to transfer risks to the insurance company.Establish an Effective Control arrangementRisk management is not only to establish a risk management for business procedure, more importantly, the company shall establish a omnibus(prenominal) and effective risk management control system to make sure the effective execution of instrument of the risk management strategy. The company can establish a Risk Management Committee in the head duty and shall be directly responsible for the board of directors. The board needs to be consulted on matters of risk management and it needs to be able to give guidance to the risk management committee in its deliberations. To do this effectively the board needs to ensure the whole company is engaged in managing risk, thereby making it an intrinsic part of the company culture.(Corporate institution An world-wide check over, 2009, 546-558). The function of the Risk Management Committee is to implement the risk management, to be especially responsible for the risk supervision of the whole company and to make unified risk management policy and procedure each branch of the company shall establish an independent risk supervisor, responsible fo r the risk management and to report the matter of risk to Risk Management Committee without consent of the local manager.Establish a Database of Risk AccidentsDatabase of risk accidents is a tool to effectively predict and assess the risk. The data in the database shall include both internal and external data concerning risk accidents. We can try to estimate how bad this problem is by looking at the historic severity of these events in relation to anyrisk factors that we define and then examining the prevalence of these risk factors(Michel, Dan and Robert, 2001). Through correct analysis of such data, the company will learn a lesson and consider its risk management policy and procedure so as to judge whether the company will prevent the occurrence of the risk accident and how to take precautious measures to avoid the occurrence of similar accidents.ConclusionIn conclusion, risks exist in the whole process of business operation, any company shall attach great importance to the risk management to effectively predict and avoid the risk. Unilever is a company which has well recognized its major risks and taken effective risk management strategies. Research on risk and risk management strategy is a long excursion and need all employees of the company to make effort and abide by the policy and standards to monitor and manage risks proactively.ReferencesBallou, B. & Heitger, D. L.2005. A building-block approach for implementation COSO Enterprise risk management-integrated framework. Management Accounting Quarterly, 6(2)1-10.Geert Bouckaert and John Halligan, 2008, Managing performance foreign comparisons. Routledge, 2008, pp221-225.Ian Brown, Adam Steen, and Julie Foreman. 2009. Risk Management in Corporate Governance. A Review and Proposal Corporate Governance An International Review, 2009, 17(5)546-558.Jane Linder, Susan Cantrell, 2000, Changing Business Models appraise the Landscape, Business Publisher Accenture, Pages 1-15Michel C., Dan G. and Robert M., 2 001, Risk Management, McGraw-Hill.Michael R. Czinkota, Ilkka A. Ronkainen, 2007, International marketing, Cengage Learning, 2007, p417-422.Mike Walker. 2006. Managing international risk. International Business Briefings. The Institute of Risk Management. 2006. P 5-6.Unilever Annual Report, 2009, Unilever Annual Report, fromhttp//annualreport09.unilever.com/downloads/Unilever_AR09.pdf (Accessed on May, 25, 2011)

Overview of Martin Luther’s Christian Liberty Essay

Martin Luthers pamphlet, Christian Liberty, describes his feelings towards the Church. He did not tick off with what the Church did. For example, the church had too many restrictions. Meaning that you could not set another religion. Also, the Church had indulgences, which are supposed to be w here(predicate) if someone sinned, they would go to the church and pray, and have the church forgive you. But the idea of indulgences to the Catholic Church was if you sinned, then you were to pay a certain amount of money and then your sin would have been forgotten. Luther thought the Church should be about(predicate) reliance, not all about fountain and money.In the pamphlet, Luther believes that faith nurtures the embody and instinct. He believed that the Church did not believe in that. Luther eventually bust away from the Church for several reasons. Some reasons were how the Church made flock pay for their indulgences, how that they had too many restrictions, and how the Church had so much power and how they abused it. Luther stated in his pamphlet, From this anyone can clearly see how a Christian is free from all things and over all things so that he needs no whole shebang to make him righteous and save him, since faith alone abundantly confers all these things.Luther in this sentence is saying how things such(prenominal) as indulgences are not needed to make him a violate Christian, still if a man has enough faith, it alone will do the job. Luther in like manner states that for preachers not to preach only about repentance, simply besides about the faith of the religion. The criticism that Luther has towards the preachers was that they abused authority that they dont preach commandments and promises, and they dont work solely out of percentage ones neighbor they do it seeking their own profit. Luther was also angry with priests who use the word of Christ to make people despise Jews. He believes that they should pray for the people and teach the peo ple by example.Martin Luthers solutions took the middle course and faced up too how, They want to draw that they are free men and Christians only by despising and purpose fault with ceremonies. What Luther meant by this was that the religious ceremonies done was not how they used to be now they entail only the power that the Church has among the people. Luther believed that you should join a church and do as they say not to gain righteousness, but out of respect for them. He said this by, I will fast, pray, do this and that as men command, not because it is necessary to my righteousness or salvation but that I may show due respect to the pope, the bishop, the community, a magistrate, or my neighbor.Martin Luther believed of three powers or benefits of faith. One was that Christians are free from the land. If we reward idol, he will honor us. He will see us as righteous and truthful people. Faith writes the soul with Christ. Christian soul therefore has all the good characte ristics of Christ. Also Luther believes that faith gives us freedom. He states this by writing, It is clear, then, that a Christian has all he needs in faith and needs no works to justify him and if he needs no need of works, he has no need of the law and if he has no need of the law, surely he is free from the law.Since we are not perfect on earth, works help keep us go towards our goal of perfection. Do works freely, only to please God. This is said by, however, we are not wholly recreated, and our faith and love are not merely perfect, these are to be increased, not by external works, however but of themselves. Through work, think only to benefit others. Faith is active by dint of love. Luther stated this by, we should devote all our works to the welfare of others.But works, organism inanimate things, cannot glorify God, although they can, if faith is present, be done to the glory of God. What Luther is stating here is if you have enough faith, then you can make the presence o f God true. Because works dont lead to righteousness, but with faith works can be done to the glory of God.

The Psychology Behind Effective Persuasion and Ways to Resist It

MENESES, DEXTER T. 12-58679 100 pm- 230 pm Topic The psychology can buoy effective cerebration and ways to endure it. I. Background of the study Every day, mickle are exposed to hundreds of convincing messages in one form or another. These telling messages can be found on television commercials, product ads, billboards, and even on tribes clothing. The researcher notice that advertisements and other types of persuasive messages are so overwhelmingly widespread nowadays that mess are no longer adequate to(p) to filter out those that matter and those that are unclaimed.It is also a norm for persuasive messages to employ proven persuasive methods that mould the psychology of the military personnel mind. The researcher chose this musical theme to be able to understand how imagineing methods lead the human mind to comply. Moreover, what are the ways to resist unwanted persuasion? II. Significance of the study Being awake of how the persuasive messages exploit the loophol es in human psychology and how they easily cause people to comply can make readers make up that these messages they encounter everyday largely twist their decisions and can possibly cause unwanted outcomes.Read also Memory ForgettingIt entrust teach them to value their own sluttish result and to avoid their tastes, views and even their identities from world manipulated in an environment that is heavily rule by commercialism and colonialism. This study will also teach the readers of how the brain whole shebang under persuasion. Lastly, it will help them to think rationally and be warned of potential incantation before complying. III. Statement of the problem convincing messages employ specific persuasion methods that IV. Objectives

Pakistan: Recent Economic Developments and Future Prospects

around of the intelligence agency emanating about Pakistan in the horse opera media restore to terrorism, bomb b deaths, Islamic strainamentalism, nuclear non prolife proportionalityn, legions rule etc. Seldom does unmatchable see a ordained novel appearing about Pakistans unpar completelyeled frugal turn about. notwithstanding the fact of the depicted object is that despite untold(prenominal) prejudicious fancy Pakistan is matchless of the favored destinations for abroad accost coronation. unusual come in investment flows yield surged by 95 pct during July February 2007 and atomic crook 18 expected to touch $ 5 gazillion or 3. sh atomic event 18 of gross interior(prenominal) product several(prenominal) prison c enti intrust higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than FDI flows to our bighearted populate in relative name.Pakistans inter matteristic bond issues and equity floatations by dint of GDRs wipe out been consistently everyplacesubscribed an d argon wrongd at fine margins. Standard Chartered jargon has do acquisition of a home(prenominal) semi privy bank for around wholeness-half a billion dollars. mainland China nomadic the self-aggrandisingst mobile compevery in monetary abide by of subscriber root has bought out absolute studyity sh arholding in one of the topical anesthetic cellular name companies for oer $ 400 gazillions.Philip and Morris has take drinked into an cartel to purchase 50. 2 shargon sh atomic number 18s of the arc back up largest Cig arttes Manufacturing Comp each of Pakistan for US 339 million. A number of croper(a) similar mergers and acquisitions atomic number 18 in the pipeline. 2. What is that inspite of such adverse internality, perceived surety system risk and travel advisories the global investors, fund managers and international fiscal institutions from the United States, Europe, eastern hemisphere Asia and Middle East get alongly style upon Pakistan favo rably and show such fear virtually come up of confidence in the providence.Sophisticated investors from all over the world argon uncoerced to purchase billion of dollars of sovereign report card issued by Pakistan for 30 social class du balancen. t pullulateher must be close toaffair pay the nation ought to be doing which fails to reach the radar harbour of the popular and exceedingly influential horse opera media. 3. As an international out harvest-tide scotch expert I nominate venture a number of reasons for this app arntly exceedingly monstrous situation. number one of all, Pakistan is a dry land of one hundred sixty million throng which is growing at an fair result rate of 6-7 pct for the hold pentad geezerhood.Thirty million Pakistanis earning $ 10,000 $ 15,000 (PPP terms) make believe a large and so palpebra securities industryplace for purchase of advantageouslys and function of all kinds. in that place ar very few marts yet China, India and Indonesia that be chthonianpinned by the size and shield that the fast growing Pakistani shopping mall class offers. Projections show that if the legitimate ontogeny A paper presented at the IPRI-RUSI gathering on Pakistan Strategic Challenges & Prospects At Royal United Service buzz off in London on April, 17 2007 ates ar attained for the succeeding(prenominal) ten long magazine, Pakistans per capita income ordain double in touchable terms by 2020. At that snip the size of the middle class de break rise to 50 million do iting acquire power incomes of bonnie $ 30,000 equivalent to those of some of the European countries today. Goldman Sachs has placed Pakistan in the contiguous eleven category of largest economies among increase countries for its ample term projection. The requirements of competency, pedestal, goods and function of these 50 million lead pass on to be met at world class standards.Multinational firms and holders of jacket with sup erfluity liquidity, eyeing these prospects in appear countries and feeling loudness in advanced economies, are rethinking their strategies and shift themselves. Pakistan along with other Asian countries is one of the beneficiaries of this strategy. The changing demographics of a youthful universe and sedulousness force in Pakistan double-dyed(a) against the stark reality of ageing world in Europe, Japan, and US and later on a go China reinforce these burnished prospects for the time to come.Of course, none of this lead be either(prenominal) automatic or easy and good policies, good regime activity and good mountain go out be needed to gather in this scenario. 4. Second, the scotch per attainance in terms of macro frugal perceptual constancy, growth, leanness reduction and usance propagation has been stellar. Economic growth rank meet risen from 1. 8 per centumage in 2000/01 gradually to just 6 -7 per centum a year in the last quad-spot age fashionin g Pakistan one of the fastest growing preservation in the Asia region. For Pakistan these place are not spectacular notwithstanding a relapse to mean.The just growth rate of gross national suffice product ver 50 year period of Pakistan has been 5. 2 portion per annum. Manufacturing domain out endow growth was over 15 percent, exportings ca-ca forked in US dollar terms in these five eld, and an open measuring stickter regimen has dispense withed backingations from all over the world to triple. Tax revenues involve risen by 14 percent a year reducing fiscal shortfall which apply to average 7 percent a year in the nineties to average 4 percent. Current report off around from chronic deficit to a surplus for lead successive years primary(prenominal)ly due to re peeleded export growth and resurgence of workers remittances.Although it has become negative since 2005/06 due to phenomenonal growth in imports of machinery and equipment and overtureion in world v egetable oil prices it is world fully financed by irrelevant capital flows. Inflation rate during the first four years of the authentic government catch ones breathed to a dismantle place 4 percent scarce oil price pass through and feed slightages incur led to 8 percent on average since 2004-05. External debt heart and soul has been halved from 52% to 26% of GDP and is project to be on a declining path.The verdants capacity to attend to its debt has well mitigated as debt work ratio which utilizationd to preempt al close 60 percent of popular revenues is now bring mickle state of ward(a) to 28 percent. Poverty incidence has move from 34 percent to 24 percent and unemployment rate is d let to 6. 5 percent from 8. 4 percent. These movements are in the right means still they are not acceptable as one in every after part Pakistani is calm living below the scantness line. Table-I summarizes the changes in the key scotch indicators between October 1999 and Ju ne 2006. 5.Third, the rudimentary enter of polity re spurt order of business was that macroeconomic constancy pull up stakes appease short lived if it was not accompanied by morphologic reforms to remove microeconomic distortions and by rescue about improvement in economic governance. Pakistan has successfully implemented the first generation of structural reforms that eat made the delivery more efficient and brisk to face unanticipated exogenous shocks. The main bedevil of these reforms was to allow greater exemption to the private sector to own, produce, distribute and alternate goods and service while gradually withdrawing the human beings sector from this arena.The promotion of open private provideship in large radical projects as a polity porta is likely to overcome some of the problems that are inherent in private infra social organisation projects at the same time rest period the financing constraints faced by the public sector. The role of the terra f irma in Pakistan has been redefined as a facilitator, enabler, protecter and regulator rather than right off managing and presiding over the commanding heights of the thrift. organization intervention is notwithstandingified for social ram power of the brusque, provision of public goods or when in that location is a clear subject of mercantileize failure i. externalities, imperfect grocery structure etc.6. Fourth, Pakistan occupies a key strategic location that links India with Iran, Afghanistan and the key Asian States, provides access to sea for land locked countries of telephone commute Asia, Afghanistan and Western China, acts as the energy and transit corridor and opens up to the oil liberal Gulf States side by side(p) door. This strategic location alongwith the completed and new-fangled investments in ports, highways, pipelines, etc. will pretend up vast new opportunities that can be highly attractive.Risk-return relationship in these projects is highly favora ble and a number of inappropriate firms are keen to busy the first mover advantage by locating their investment particularly in Gawadar port area. 7. Leaving aside the current situation that I hold in depict I would like to address ii important questions this afternoon that agitate the minds of all potential investors and businessmen house servant or unconnected in respect to Pakistan. First whether the stability and growth that comport so utmost been achieved will prove to be fugacious in nature or will be sustained over time.Second, a question that has attracted a mount of attention is whether the September 11,2001 events confirm a lot to do with the economic turn around of Pakistan or whether the changes are more fundamental. To project these deuce questions we have to look at the strength of economic policies, depth of structural reforms and the quality of economic governance. Before addressing these 2 questions let me make twain broader elevations to pit the c ontext for our subsequent discussion. SUSTAINABILITY OF GROWTH .It should be reiterated that widespread economic reforms in Pakistan were initiated in 1991 by the Nawaz Sharif political relation, concernd under the Benazir Bhutto regime and still intensified and implemented under the Musharraf Government. Thus there should be no inquiry in any dead bodys mind that the major restrainion of economic policies being pursued in Pakistan presently enjoys wide political consensus and prolong among all the leading political parties of Pakistan.The central philosophy that the Government should not be in the business of fertilisening businesses but regulating the securities industrys and laying down the enabling policy framework has been demonstrably practiced by all the successive governments in the past. deregulating, liberalization, privatization and private sector led development have been consistently followed for the last 16 years, and there is very humble doubt in my mind, that these will remain the pillars of future economic policy in Pakistan no matter of which political party assumes power.Of course, there will be differences in approaches, tactics and nuances, episodes of point scoring, distancing from the specific transactions of the previous governments, approach shot up with new modalities but the bosom and thrust of economic policies will remain the same and transcend partisan politics. 9. The second important point that should be unploughed in mind is that Pakistan has a long, unceasing history of an open, non-discriminatory and liberal exotic investment regime. The Government of Mr. Z. A.Bhutto in early seventies nationalized domestic manufacturing industry, banks and insurance companies but did not touch orthogonal investment. Not however that the risks of expropriation and tape drive are almost cipher the train playing expanse that is afforded to foreign investors is unparalleled in developing world. This is a deliberate policy measure as Pakistan is squeezed between two economic giants China and India and we cannot afford to hang on the same bar on the entry of foreign investors as our great neighbors have placed.We have to be more than more accommodating and keep the door wide open to allow foreign investors to help our prudence by bringing in capital, managerial scientific disciplines, transfer of technology and integration into global markets. This policy of liberal foreign investment regime is solidly grounded in the political ethos and economic imperatives of Pakistan. 10. Now let me repulse up as to how a combination of wholesome economic policies, structural reforms economic governance and good luck has changed the economic landscape painting of Pakistan in many fundamental ways. force strength of economic policies 11.The bane of Pakistans economic problems stemmed from fiscal indiscipline over a decade that plunged Pakistan into a debt trap. This reference cause had therefore to be surgically removed so that the likelihood of its further recurrence in the future is minimize A Fiscal Responsibility rightfulness has been ap prove by the Parliament, which keeps a lid on the future governments propensity to buy up their way out. Debt / GDP ratio has to be reduced by 2. 5 parting points each year and the Debt/ GDP ratio cannot exceed 60 percent. Any deviance has to be explained to the Parliament and need its approval.This virtue will desirefully act as a major restraint on fiscal recklessness in the future. 12. pecuniary policy is now ladderd by an separate central bank keeping the accusive of price stability, financial stability and growth in mind. Although it involves a fine reconciliation act and inflationary pressures have surfaced during the last two years the Central edge is committed to pursue a monetary policy that keeps inflation under train. corroboratory market- found policy instruments have replaced denotation ceilings, caps on cleave and contribute rates, advantageous treatment to government and directed book of facts to priority sectors.Interest rates and swap rates are market determined and source allocation decisions are made by the man-to-man banks based on quarry criteria but guided by prudent regulations. 13. External debt counsel policy was concentrate on (a) reprofiling of the stock of formal zygomorphic debt, (b) substituting concessional loans for non-concessional from international financial institutions, (c) pre-paying valuable loans and (d) liquidating short term liabilities.Debt ratio has indeed been reduced from degree centigrade percent of GDP to 56 percent in five years time. This restructuring of debt has put Pakistan on a firm footing as the debt and debt go ratios are on a declining path. This has provided area and enlarged the capacity of the country to replete all its future foreign supersede liabilities and obligations without much difficulty. Credit worthiness indicato rs have all improved and Pakistan is no yearner that vulnerable to external shocks as it was in 1998 at the time of the nuclear tests. 14.Trade policy in Pakistan has been categorized by the institution till as one of the to the lowest degree restrictive in South Asia along with Sri Lanka and this policy has gradually provided incentives to exporters to increase their market region in the global markets. reciprocation rate policy is pursued to go on stability in the foreign step in markets while at the same time keeping the militantness of Pakistani exports intact. enlarged accumulation of foreign reserves contend an important role in stabilize the exchange rate and cushioning the economy from the adverse and abrupt exogenous disturbances. one and only(a) of the tests that the country successfully met in the last two years was to absorb the oil price hike from $ 25/ barrel to $ 75/ barrel without any serious-minded dislocation of economic activity or any loss of foreign reserves. Five years ago if this escalation had happened the exchange rate would have tumbled and inflation rate would have hit double digits. 15. Pakistan has in addition made substantive efforts in unilaterally liberalizing its trade regime since the 1990s. The maximum duty rate has aggravated from 225 percent in 1990-1 to 25 percent the average tariff rate stands at just 9 percent compared to 65 percent a decade ago.The number of traffic slabs has excessively been reduced to four. Quantitative import restrictions have been eliminated except those relating to security, health, public morals, unearthly and cultural concerns. The statutory orders that exempted certain industries from import duties or provided selective concessions to privileged individual firms have been phased out and import duties on 4,000 items were reduced. Protection to domestic industry is no longer a policy bearing and a uniform, across the board, transparent restrictive regime with level playing fi eld has been put in place.These measures have brought down effective rate of vindication, eliminated the anti-export bias and promoted competitive and efficient industries. A number of laws have also been promulgated to bring the trade regime in conformity with solid ground Trade Organization regulations. These include anti-dumping and countervailing measures and protection of intellectual property rights. This unilateral break up to global trade has benefited the domestic firms in amend their efficiency and qualification themselves competitive.STRUCTURAL REFORMS 16. It was realized by the policy makers that stability will remain elusive and short lived if it was not accompanied by structural reforms to remove micro economic distortions and by bringing about improvement in economic governance. Concurrently with the debt restructuring, the country embarked on the fiscal policy reforms and consolidation by raising taxation revenue revenues, reducing spendings, cutting down su bsidies of all kinds and containing the losses of public enterprises.Tax reforms were undertaken to widen tax base, remove direct contact between tax payers and tax collectors, introduce value-added tax as the major source of revenue, simplify tax validation and modulate the capacity of the Central mount of Revenue. Although these reforms are still underway, the adoption of world(a) self assessment followed by stochastic audit of selected tax returns, automation and shakeup of the tax machinery have begun to help improve tax collection.Tax-GDP ratio in Pakistan is get off in comparison to other developing countries and has to be call on the carpetd in the coterminous five years to reach the average level of comparator countries. 17. As one of the sources of fiscal problems was the losses and inefficiencies of public enterprises the Musharraf Government actively pursued an aggressive privatization externalize whose thrust was sale of as bandings in the oil and bungle indust ry as well as in the banking, telecommunications and energy sectors, to strategic investors, with foreign investors encouraged to participate in the privatization process.Pakistans record on privatization since 1991 has been impressive but the transactions completed in the last few years have yielded $ 3 billion stopping the hemorrhaging of public cash in hand that were used to underwrite the losses of these enterprises. These privatized banks are now contributing substantial sums to the national exchequer as they have all become profitable. 18. As Pakistan would continue to rely on foreign capital flows for augmenting its domestic savings it had to demonstrate its seriousness in encouraging foreign investment. in that location has been a major and perceptible liberalization of the foreign exchange regime. Foreign investors can set up their business in Pakistan in any sector of the economy agriculture, manufacturing real estate, retail trade, serve, banking etc. , bring in and t ake back their capital, remit profits, dividends, royalties and fees etc. , without any prior approvals. Foreign companies are allowed to raise funds from domestic banks and capital markets.They are treated equally with national firms in all respects and can bring in expatriate staff to run their businesses. 19. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) can also enter and exit the market emptyly without any restrictions or prior approvals. In the Karachi standard Exchange with a market capitalisation of US$50 billion and over 650 listed companies corporate earnings were on average in 20-25 percent range much higher than those in most emerging countries. This makes Pakistan an attractive place to invest for foreign portfolio investors too.As part of this liberalization, non-residents and residents are allowed to maintain and operate foreign up-to-dateness deposit accounts, and a market-based exchange rate in the inter-bank market is at work. 20. Financial sector reforms in Pakistan were a lso initiated early in the 1990s when new banking licenses were granted to private domestic banks to set up their shops along with the nationalized commercial banks and foreign banks. Although these reforms were implemented with fits and start, they were accelerated since 1997.The Central Bank was granted autonomy and the control of the Ministry of Finance over banking institutions was diluted. More deeply rooted reforms were undertaken since 1999 when net non-performing loans of the banking system were brought down to less than 3 percent of tot advances and loans, minimum capital requirements were raised to $100 million, the quality of new loans was improved, mergers and consolidation of financial institutions eliminated a number of weaker players and the range of products and services offered by the banks was widened.But the most crucial policy action taken by the Government, in my view, was the privatization of Habib Bank, United Bank, and Allied Bank three large nationalized commercial banks of the country. As a result of these reforms, the share of the private sector ownership of the banking assets has risen to 80 percent and the banking sector is liner a well but strong competitive environment. The banks are highly profitable and the average change rates have declined considerably as automation, on-line banking and multiple channels of voice communication have improved the efficiency of services in response to market competition.1. gardening character reference, SME financing, consumer loans and microcredit have become mainstream products of the banking industry and the borrower base of the banking system has multiplied from 1 million to 4 million households. The middle and lower middle class which had been completely turn out off from access to banking services are now enjoying car loans, mortgages, credit cards, consumer durables. diminished farmers are using bank credit for buying chemical fertilizers, certified seeds, insecticides, humili ated implements and hiring tractor services. sharp and medium entrepreneurs are overstateing their fabrication and manufacturing capacities and upgrading technology. landless labor and poor women in the country-style areas are receiving loans for poultry, small livestock, sewing machines, etc. The main beneficiaries of these reforms are the customers of financial services although it must be recognised that market determined deposit rates have also declined substantively. But as the lending rates are surging upwards, deposit rates are also going to depict an upward movement with time lag.The outreach of banking sector is still very slight outside the urban areas and has to be prolonged to cover at least 50 percent of rural households if any meaningful results are to be achieved in poverty reduction and urban rural income inequalities. 22. Deregulation of oil and gas, telecommunication and cultured melody sectors have also brought about significant decreed results. Oil and gas exploration activity has stepped up in novel years and constant discovery and turnout from new gas fields operated by private sector companies have added new capacity to meet the growing energy needs of the country.Independent power producers both domestic and foreign private companies have contend a critical role in filling in electricity generation requirements of Pakistan since 1996. Telecommunication has witnessed a boom since the private sector companies were allowed licenses to operate cellular phones. One million new cellular phone connections are being added every calendar month and the number of phones has already reached about 50 million or a perceptivity rate of almost 33 percent.Long outgo international and local loop monopoly of Pakistan Telecommunications passel has been broken and new licenses including for wireless local loop have been issued. The customers are reaping rich dividends as the prices of phone calls local, long distance, international are c urrently only a fraction of the previous rates. One of the advantages of privatization of the state monopoly, i. e. , the PTCL would be felt in form of higher bandwidth penetration that has lagged behind other Asian countries. Economic Governance 23.The most significant shift introduced by the military government is in promoting good economic governance although we have still a long way to go. The reforms in some of the most important federal institutions the Central Board of Revenue (CBR), Securities and Exchange commissioning (SECP), the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Pakistan Railways initiated some years ago are already pedigree to take some hold and make a difference as far as governance is concerned. Discretionary powers have been significantly curtailed but corruption at lower echelons of the Government is still astray rampant.Freedom of press and access to information has had a salutary effect on the behaviour of decision makers but this has not trickled down to t he lower bureaucracy yet where effectuation of the policies takes place. The post 2003 period has witnessed some decline in the Transparency International ratings of Pakistan compared to the 1999-2002 period. 24. The foundation of the governance agenda is the devolution plan which transfers powers and responsibilities, including those related to social services from the federal and tyke governments to local levels.This plan was put into effect in 2001. The main premise of the devolution plan is the belief that development effort at the local level should be driven by priorities set by elected local typifyatives, as opposed to bureaucrats sitting in provincial and federal capitals. Devolution of power will thus strengthen governance by increasing decentralization, de-concentration, accountability and peoples participation in their local affairs. However, in the meanwhile the renewal has created its own set of dislocations and disruptions in the saving of services that need to b e addressed. 25.Other prerequisite ingredients for improving economic governance are the separation of policy and regulatory functions which were to begin with have within the ministry. Regulatory agencies have been set up for economic activities such as banking, finance, aviation, telecommunications, power, oil, gas etc. The regulatory structures are now independent of the ministry and enjoy quasi juridical powers. The Chairman and Board members enjoy security of tenure and cannot be arbitrarily removed. They are not answerable to any administrator authority and hold public hearings and consultations with stakeholders. 6. The discipline Accountability Bureau (NAB) has been functioning rather effectively for the last five years as the main anti-corruption agency. A large number of high government officials, politicians and businessmen were sentenced to prison, subjected to heavy fines and disqualified from holding public office for twenty-one years on charges of corruption aft er conviction in the courts of law. Major loan and tax defaulters were also investigated, prosecuted and forced to repay their overdue loans and taxes. 27.Civil service reforms aimed at improving enlisting, develop, performance management, vocation progression, right sizing of ministries and attached departments, and improving compensation for government employees are part of the second generation reforms of the government for construct strong institutions in the country. Proposals have been true to depoliticize recruitment, promotions and career development, enhance the independence and responsibilities of the federal official Public Service Commission (FPSC) and systematically introduce merit based recruitment and promotions.The Civil Service Act has to be amended to reflect performance based career progression enabling the government to reward efficient and competent gracious servants. The public sector educational training infrastructure is also being restructured to stren gthen skill based training of civil servants at all levels. These are highly demanding reforms and a consensus has to be built among the stakeholders forrader they can be accepted and implemented. 28. Reforms in access to justice, under implementation since 2001 will deal with delays in the provision of justice, drive management, automation, and court formation systems.In addition, human resources, management information systems and the infrastructure supporting judicial system are being revamped and upgraded. Small Causes Courts have been established to provide replacement to the poor who have small claims. tack on Dispute Resolution mechanisms have proved to be successful in bringing expeditious disposal of commercial and tax disputes and are being replicated for wider application. IMPACT OF family 11 EVENTS. 29.A large number of observers and mundane empiricists both within and outside Pakistan have been making bold but unseasoned assertion that it is the massive aid flows and debt allayer resulting from Pakistans participation in the war against terror after September 11, 2001 that has been accountable for the large reserve accumulation and economic turnaround. It is true that September 11 did help in diverting workers remittances from open market to inter bank, in providing some debt rilievo and new loans and grants, in removing official sanctions, but there were also huge be incurred by Pakistan.Export orders of more than $1 billion were cancelled. Visits by foreign buyers were suspended and are still avoided due to travel advisory, higher war risk premium was aerated on freight and insurance premiums were raised. 30. The data presented in Table-II shows that even if we assume the entire case that all official transfers, debt comforter and all foreign loans/ credits represent the gift of September 11 to Pakistan, this combined tot represents only 8. 5% of total Foreign Exchange Earnings of the state in FY-06.At its peak in FY-02, this kee p down was 21. 6%. But this entire amount is not a direct flow out of September 11 because Pakistan has been receiving foreign loans and grants every year since the 1950s. For example, in FY-00 and FY-01, the two years prior to September 11, we get 16 per cent and 19. 9% of Foreign Exchange Earnings in form of foreign loans and grants. The country had a positive overall balance and positive current and capital account balances in FY 2000-01 much before September 11, 2001 occurred.Even in FY 1999-00 the deficit on overall balance was sort of small less than 1% of GDP. Pakistans reserves had started accumulating in FY 2000-01 and SBPs own reserves had almost doubled after paying off foreign currency deposits of almost $1. 7 billion to the non-resident and institutional holders and $. 2. 8 billion in debt servicing to external creditors. Thus, this perception that every thing good that has happened to the country is a direct consequence of September 11 is not only incorrect but high ly exaggerated for the reasons described below. 1. It should be recognized that any external financial rilievo such as provided in the result of Sept 11 would dissipate quick and thus remain temporary and transitory in nature until it is accompanied by fundamental structural reforms that clean up the economic landscape, unshackle the entrepreneurial energies of private economic actors, lay the foundations for competitive markets under the hustling eyes of regulators and expand the productive and foreign exchange earning capacity of the country.As pointed out front unless the reforms of financial sector, liberalization of trade and tariff regime, improvement in tax policy and administration, deregulation of oil and gas and telecom sectors and privatization of state owned enterprises were put in place it would not have been practical to take advantage of the situation offered by Sept. 11 for its contribution to the dynamism of the economy and sustained growth during the last fou r years. 32.The data presented in Table-II clearly demonstrates that Pakistans foreign exchange earning capacity has spread out from $ 15 billion annually to $ 40 billion during the last six years or 33% GDP from 20% of GDP. Contrary to popular perception, it is the Pakistani businesses and nationals working(a) abroad who provide the bulk of the foreign exchange earnings of the country. It is totally unsound to argue that if the foreigners particularly Americans withdraw their financial assistance then the country will be in dire trouble.Less than $ 3. 5 billion are received through all types of foreign assistance while about $ 30 billion are generated by Pakistani businesses and nationals and the remaining amount precipitates from foreign direct investment, privatization and international markets. If this posture of foreign exchange earnings bear in the future the relative share of foreign assistance in form of grants or loans from United States, other informal two-sideds a nd multilaterals will continue to decline and will become insignificant in the next 5-10 years. 3. In order to further measure the veracity of the assertions of the theory of dependence of our economy on the US, four key indicators are selected (a) US assistance as percent of Pakistans total budgetary expenditure (b) US assistance as percent of Pakistans total foreign exchange receipts (c) US assistance as percent of total current account receipts of Pakistan and (d) US assistance as percent of total value of imports of Pakistan.These indicators have been carefully chosen to see as to how much damage will accrue to our balance of payments and fiscal accounts if the US for one reason or the other of a sudden decides to withdraw its assistance of all types. 34. The results of this depth psychology shown in Table III presage that even under the worst case scenario of zero aid flows and no reimbursements for logistics services rendered to the US troops the diminution in foreign excha nge receipts or budgetary resources would be insignificant varying between 4. 5% of total foreign exchange receipts to 7. % of total budgetary expenditures. The other two indicators i. e. the proportions of total value of imports and current account receipts financed by U. S. assistance account for 6. 4 % and 5. 8% respectively not worrisome amounts. 35. in that respect is no doubt that the Government of Pakistan and the people of Pakistan do very much pry the financial and moral support show by the U. S Government at the critical moment of Pakistans economy. some(prenominal) other collateral benefits accrued to the economy as a result of the U.S bilateral debt forgiveness, strict scruntiny of remittances through informal channels, the US EXIM Bank and OPICs highly positive initiatives towards Pakistan and the withdrawl of all different types of economic sanctions. U. S Administration played a instrumental role in ensuring larger book of concessional assistance to Pakistan thr ough the IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank. The prompt and munificent response to the Earthquake of October 2005 by the U. S Government, private sector and on-governmental organizations left a very favorable impressions in the minds of Pakistanis. 36. US is an important trading and investment partner of Pakistan and we should continue to remain friends with this superpower. The purpose of this abstract is not to show that we care little for our friendly relations or do not cherish friendship with the Government or the people of the United States. As a matter of fact we should expand our relations with the United States in the areas of higher education, science and technology transfer, trade, investment and labor flows.We should also seek duty free market access for the products exported from the Reconstruction probability Zones (ROZs) in the Tribal areas as part of our joint strategy to provide economic benefits to the 3 million population living on the porous border wit h Afghanistan. But the main argument of this analysis is that the pundits in the US who believe that they can use the leverage of US official aid to paralyze Pakistans economy are sadly mistaken as they have an exaggerated sense of the importance of these official flows.Any attempt to impose conditions that impinge upon the sovereignty of Pakistan or conflict with our own national interests can be resisted without creating a serious dislocation to our macro economic stability or growth prospects. 37. Despite these reforms, Pakistan is facing many difficult challenges and will continue to face new unforeseen challenges. There is no room for complacency. One fourth of the population still lives below the poverty line.Human Development Indicators remain low as almost half of the population is illiterate, infant and maternal mortality rates are high, access to quality education and health care particularly by the poor is limited, income and regional inequalities are widespread, infras tructure shortages and deficiencies persist, skill shortages are taking a chime in the economys productivity while at the same time, there is high unemployment and underemployment. Most worrying to me is that Pakistans image abroad is kinda negative.Foreigners are reluctant to visit Pakistan as they perceive the country to be a dangerous place. The worldwide preoccupation with the large economies of China and India and the ever-increasing quest to enter these markets is also working to the disadvantage of countries such as Pakistan. But the lesson we have learned is that there is no point in plain and whining about this but to get on with the job, to work even harder, to overcome these deficiencies and constraints and to hope for the best.