Drugs in Our Society Essay -- Drug Drugs Narcotics Essays

Drugs in Our ordination With the make practise of of medicines being such a controversial identification number in todays fiat we felt as a group it was important to further explore this issue. As we possess a tall interest in how drugs affect a number of companionable groups. These groups of course range from young teens to high-class older individuals who will have distinguishable reasons and different acceptable standards of behaviour.The question that is being explored in our presentation asks what drugs argon doing to our edict. This means exploring the various groups that use amateurish drugs their reasons for this the effects that drug use has and the methods to help observe and stop use of drugs. By recreational drugs we mean such substances as marijuana and heavier more addictive drugs as heroin and cocaine. For which the use of these has increased throughout union over time. Recreational drugs argon not limited to any particular group in society meaning that a very broad variety of pile choose to use these drugs these of course include teenagers, parents, business people and often very dedicated students for a number of reasons. For a commodious time the common misconception that only youths use drugs and those who do are taunting and dishonest has become out dated and inaccurate. Teenagers can use drugs and there are certainly individuals who do who are disrespectful and dishonest however this is more potential to do with an individuals personality than their use or experimentation of drugs.The survey we conducted showed that most people believed it was more common for youths in the 14 to 22 age group to use recreational drugs. This was closely followed by the 23 to 30 age group, while the 13 and under age group was considerably further behind. The survey question that followed indicated that people also believed that drug drug users were coercive and inconsiderate. This slightly supports the misconception that teens are more lik ely to be involved with recreational drugs.The reasons why people choose to use drugs will differ from group to group. piece for many the use of drugs serves as an feed from the stresses of everyday life for others it is exactly used as it is called for recreational purposes. People also take drugs to feel well-chosen and relax. The major reason among is still believed to be that of peer pressure, often teens feel the need t... ...ociety we live in to regards drugs as acceptable only when to what extent is this true. Society is not against what it cant see. When people are dependant on a drug then their behaviour reveals to those around them what they are doing. This makes the world and society assume that all drugs and all drug users fit the typical stereotype. When someone is addicted to drugs society may not be directly affected but are very affected in the long run. The most direct way society is affected by drugs and their users is through the employment and criminal stati stics. occupation is very much a business for an addicted person and statistics show people desperate for drugs can commit crimes in order to get gold to support their habit. This disrupts the whole idea of social cohesion only making chaos and producing prejudice attitudes. So just how are drugs affecting society. They affect society by overtaking the users life and the user therefore neglects their responsibilities of the society in which they live and breaching the acceptable standards of behaviours. Recreational drugs are a serious issue that mustiness be dealt with help society gird further for the benefit of the next generation. Drugs in Our Society Essay -- Drug Drugs Narcotics EssaysDrugs in Our Society With the use of drugs being such a controversial issue in todays society we felt as a group it was important to further explore this issue. As we possess a high interest in how drugs affect a number of social groups. These groups of course range from youn g teens to high-class older individuals who will have different reasons and different acceptable standards of behaviour.The question that is being explored in our presentation asks what drugs are doing to our society. This means exploring the various groups that use recreational drugs their reasons for this the effects that drug use has and the methods to help prevent and stop use of drugs. By recreational drugs we mean such substances as marijuana and heavier more addictive drugs as heroin and cocaine. For which the use of these has increased throughout society over time. Recreational drugs are not limited to any particular group in society meaning that a very wide variety of people choose to use these drugs these of course include teenagers, parents, business people and often very dedicated students for a number of reasons. For a long time the common misconception that only youths use drugs and those who do are disrespectful and dishonest has become out dated and inaccurate. Teena gers can use drugs and there are certainly individuals who do who are disrespectful and dishonest however this is more likely to do with an individuals personality than their use or experimentation of drugs.The survey we conducted showed that most people believed it was more common for youths in the 14 to 22 age group to use recreational drugs. This was closely followed by the 23 to 30 age group, while the 13 and under age group was considerably further behind. The survey question that followed indicated that people also believed that drug users were irresponsible and inconsiderate. This slightly supports the misconception that teens are more likely to be involved with recreational drugs.The reasons why people choose to use drugs will differ from group to group. While for many the use of drugs serves as an escape from the stresses of everyday life for others it is exactly used as it is called for recreational purposes. People also take drugs to feel happy and relax. The major reason among is still believed to be that of peer pressure, often teens feel the need t... ...ociety we live in to regards drugs as acceptable but to what extent is this true. Society is not against what it cant see. When people are dependant on a drug then their behaviour reveals to those around them what they are doing. This makes the world and society assume that all drugs and all drug users fit the typical stereotype. When someone is addicted to drugs society may not be directly affected but are very affected in the long run. The most direct way society is affected by drugs and their users is through the employment and criminal statistics. Employment is very much a problem for an addicted person and statistics show people desperate for drugs can commit crimes in order to get money to support their habit. This disrupts the whole idea of social cohesion only making chaos and producing prejudice attitudes. So just how are drugs affecting society. They affect society by overtaking the us ers life and the user therefore neglects their responsibilities of the society in which they live and breaching the acceptable standards of behaviours. Recreational drugs are a serious issue that must be dealt with help society progress further for the benefit of the next generation.

Christopher Columbus Essay -- Christopher Columbus Essays

The skills and qualities required of Christopher Columbus in order for him to lead a in force(p) and successful voyage to undiscovered and unexplored lands weighed heavily on him, as he was initially placed in a headship position in the ancestry of the planning of the journey because he originated and entertained the idea of finding a passage to China through unmarked waters. With his assiduousness and persistence, his appeal and intelligence, he was subject to convince the King and Queen of Spain to fund his trip. These issues, along with the fact that he had never been a captain on a ship, began the fulfillment of a ro valet de chambrece built on nothing. These steps taken were the foundation of what would be a great hero and attracter.One valuable attribute in any man in who is put into a dangerous position of both power and responsibility is the ability to keep a close connection between the leader and the follower, which often determines the success of the leaders mission. In Columbus case, it was the capability to unite a crew, who, through storms, shipwrecks, disease, dissension, and even death, remained united enough to make some(prenominal) voyages to the New World. He, and leaders in general, must give an additional effort to motivate to cohorts in order to initiate and expand this alliance that is crucial to the accomplishment of goals.Another essential quality considered necessary for Columbus to command his expedition was a secure code...

Corporate Downsizing Essays -- essays research papers

Downsizing has become an extremely popular strategy in todays business environment. Companies began downsizing in the late 1970s to attenuate costs and improve the bottom line (Mishra et al., 1998). The term downsizing was coined to describe the action of dismissing a large portion of a companys hands in a very short period of time. According to online encyclopedia http//en.wikipedia.org downsizing refers to layoffs initiated by a company in order to cut tote costs by reducing the size of the company. Downsizing became a familiar management mantra in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In fact, three jillion jobs were lost between 1989 and 1998 (Mishra et al., 1998). More than 350,000 jobs were lost in 2001 (DeSouza & Donaldson, 2002). Downsizing has become almost a way of life for U.S. companies. Typically, the first round of job cuts are followed by a second round of cuts a short time later. Not everyone agrees with the reasoning behind downsizing. According to an article in the Journal of Banking and financial Services, downsizing is merely a short-sighted business strategy motivated by arrogant CEOs eager to appease shareholders (Unkles, 2001). Others feel downsizing is a necessary tool to ensure business survival in the face of a changing economy. Regardless, the costs of downsizing are high, and the payoffs of downsizing are interracial at best. This paper doesnt serve as an approach to downsizing, rather, it explores the more aspects of downsizing, from when its time to downsize to what steps that can be taken to avoid the extremity altogether. Corporate Downsizing An Overview There are many reasons why a company downsizes. Layoffs began as a way for companies to offset a decline in earnings, but quickly became a popular practice even in companies that were doing well financially. A 1994 survey by the American Management Association lay out that two-thirds of all workers who were laid off were college-educated, salaried employees (Downs, 1995). To day, the term downsizing is used to refer to a narrow effort to reduce the workforce and also to widen efforts to improve work systems or redesign the total organization. Companies may downsize to increase capital, as a result of a merge with another company (where supererogatory staff are not needed), poor cash flow (which results in payroll issues), changes in technology, and lastly due to a chang... ...k Enterprise. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from http//www.findarticles.comDowns, A. (2005). Corporate executions the ugly justness about layoffs-how corporate greed is shattering lives, companies, and communities. New York AMACOM-American Management Association. Hoskisson, R., & Hitt, M. (2004). Downscoping How to tame the diversified firm. Oxford University PR on Demand. Krepps, M. (2007). Industrial inefficiency and downsizing A study of layoff and arrange closures. New York Garland Publishing.Mishra, K. E., Spreitzer, G. M., & Mishra, A. K. (2008, Winter). Preserving employee m orale during downsizing. Sloan Management Review. Unkles, j. (2009). The downside of downsizing after almost a decade of surging economic growth and booming share markets, many corporate and financial managers are getting their first look at a downturn in the business cycle. Journal of Banking and Financial Services, 115(6), 2. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from Baker College net Site http//web2.infotrac.galegroup.comZimmerman, E. (2007, November). Why deep layoffs hurt long-term recovery (HRs tools for recovery). Workforce. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http//www.findarticles.com

I Know Its Over by Steven Patrick Essay -- Papers

I Know Its Over by Steven Patrick Summary This is a bleak, perhaps morbid, but sensitive and intelligent poetry lyric, which most critics see as being about the end of fictional or fantasy race. But the interpretation can be much deeper, indeed, a bottomless pit for those who are inclined to wallow in helplessness and suicidal thoughts. There are four distinct sections that are not totally connected and this leads to a variety of interpretations in linking them, enabling the audience to project their own feelings onto the words. And yet, the emotional intensity seems to produce elation1 not depression (perhaps more in the performance than the poetry). Speculation about the meaning of the lines (as long as it is not overdone) can lead to a satisfying enjoyment. Structure The first section describes our heros spry state of mind with the image of his empty bed as a grave Oh Mother, I can feel the soil falling over my crack and as I climb into a n empty bed Oh, rise. Enough said. As if being buried alive, the melancholy protagonist feels that his life may as well be over I know its over - still I cling/I dont know where else I can go. Perhaps an intense relationship has come to an end, leading to thoughts of despair and suicide, but it may be less obvious. He equates his imagined forthcoming close with a feeling of utter helplessness, but it seems that death is not an option because he finds it difficult to act, as we shall see. So, although the sea wants to take me/the knife wants to slit me, he does not seem to want it. He does fill do you think you can help me? but of whom? His mothe... ...tates that love is Natural and Real is he afraid that for such as you and I, my love it is unnatural and notional? Themes Typically for this writer the themes are unrequited love, isolation, loneliness, helplessness, etc. The Wildean themes are, perhaps, in the mind of the reader/listener. Indeed, t he overall vagueness and ambiguity, typical of this author, together with the complexity of the structure allows for a dichotomy of interpretations. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 However, I acknowledge David Pinching, writing in his essay Oscar Wildes influence on Stephen Fry and Morrissey, when he says that Wilde represents isolation within ones own world and a impressive set of theories about the most irrelevant and absurd things. 2 All italics original

virgin atlantic Essay -- essays research papers fc

THE AVIATION INDUSTRYThe breeze industry of any nation acts as a contributor to its economic growth, helps in globalisation and creating an international image. It is the best in terms of the fastest, safest and convenient dash of travel. Even though it is an expensive one, it is expanding its markets across the middle-class who are ready to fatigued property on leisure trips. Thus it is truly stated that airwave forms a vital core infrastructure area with come forth which a country preservation is handicapped.The civil aviation industry of world has expanded its wings by letting in private organisations. Privatisation in the domestic and the international circuit rotter help in foreseeing the future of the aviation industry at a mark up rise, and gaining international recognition. It started eight years back with Open fling Policy allowing charter flights to operate in domestic market. Today in the year 2000 we saw the code sharing agreement between Air India and thoroughg oing(a) Atlantic Airlines for the DEL- LON sector.During the last nine months there has been fare wars, value added services, alliances etcetera Suddenly there seems some action in the Aviation Industry, where pure has acted as a lubricator. There are many other airlines, in cry of competition increasing their capacities or increase their flights for the same route. IntroductionIn the former(a) 80s, when saturated Atlantic was created, by Richard Branson was a go getting, sweater wearying entrepreneur and head of the successful virginal Group, probably best known for pure(a) Records.By the early 1980s, Virgin Records was one of the top six drop companies in the world. Then, in 1984, Richard got a phone call out of the blue suggesting a jumbo jet passenger service between London and upstart York. Branson like the idea, much to the horror of his fellow directors who thought him crazy. Undeterred, Richard announced to the world that Virgin Atlantic Airways would begin operating within three months An aircraft was found, staff were hired, licences disposed(p) and, thanks in no small part to Richards infectious enthusiasm, on 22 June 1984 an aircraft packed with friends and the media set off for Newark, New York - and a phenomenon was bornSince then, Virgin Atlantic has become the second largest long-haul international airline operating services out of Londons Heathrow and Gatwick Airports to 21 destinations all over the world - ... ... quality and value for money has gained the loyalty of many passengers. Its services, which are exclusive to this airline, enhance the experience of people on board. What more could you ask from an airline which has built an excellent. All this and more has resulted in a tough competition with its competitors, but Virgin Atlantic faces competition as a motivating factor, which would help them to grow in the long term.Virgin Atlantic has opened up a destination for Richard Branson to offer him a chopine to invest in other acti vities. As it is known that Virgin phoner has diversified itself into other products in other parts of world. BIBLIOGRAPHYLovelock, C., Services marketing, scholar Hall, 1991.Kotler.P, Marketing Management, Prentice Hall of India, 1999Payne, A., The Essence of Services Marketing, Prentice Hall of India, 1996.Luck, Rubin, Marketing Research, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 1996.Bernhardt, Kinnear, Cases in Marketing Management, Butterworth Heinemann, 1997.WEBSITESwww.virginatlantic.comwww.airindia.comwww.tourismindia.comMAGAZINESBusiness Standard Aviation.Business World.Todays Traveler- The Business and waste virgin atlantic Essay -- essays research papers fc THE AVIATION INDUSTRYThe aviation industry of any nation acts as a contributor to its economic growth, helps in globalisation and creating an international image. It is the best in terms of the fastest, safest and convenient mode of travel. Even though it is an expensive one, it is expanding its markets acro ss the middle-class who are ready to spent money on leisure trips. Thus it is truly stated that aviation forms a vital core infrastructure area without which a country economy is handicapped.The civil aviation industry of world has expanded its wings by letting in private organisations. Privatisation in the domestic and the international circuit can help in foreseeing the future of the aviation industry at a mark up rise, and gaining international recognition. It started eight years back with Open Sky Policy allowing charter flights to operate in domestic market. Today in the year 2000 we saw the code sharing agreement between Air India and Virgin Atlantic Airlines for the DEL- LON sector.During the last nine months there has been fare wars, value added services, alliances etc. Suddenly there seems some action in the Aviation Industry, where Virgin has acted as a lubricator. There are many other airlines, in bid of competition increasing their capacities or increase their flights fo r the same route. IntroductionIn the early 80s, when Virgin Atlantic was created, by Richard Branson was a go getting, sweater wearing entrepreneur and head of the successful Virgin Group, probably best known for Virgin Records.By the early 1980s, Virgin Records was one of the top six record companies in the world. Then, in 1984, Richard got a phone call out of the blue suggesting a jumbo jet passenger service between London and New York. Branson like the idea, much to the horror of his fellow directors who thought him crazy. Undeterred, Richard announced to the world that Virgin Atlantic Airways would begin operatingwithin three months An aircraft was found, staff were hired, licences granted and, thanks in no small part to Richards infectious enthusiasm, on 22 June 1984 an aircraft packed with friends and the media set off for Newark, New York - and a phenomenon was bornSince then, Virgin Atlantic has become the second largest long-haul international airline operating services out of Londons Heathrow and Gatwick Airports to 21 destinations all over the world - ... ... quality and value for money has gained the loyalty of many passengers. Its services, which are exclusive to this airline, enhance the experience of people on board. What more could you ask from an airline which has built an excellent. All this and more has resulted in a tough competition with its competitors, but Virgin Atlantic faces competition as a motivating factor, which would help them to grow in the long term.Virgin Atlantic has opened up a destination for Richard Branson to offer him a platform to invest in other activities. As it is known that Virgin Company has diversified itself into other products in other parts of world. BIBLIOGRAPHYLovelock, C., Services Marketing, Prentice Hall, 1991.Kotler.P, Marketing Management, Prentice Hall of India, 1999Payne, A., The Essence of Services Marketing, Prentice Hall of India, 1996.Luck, Rubin, Marketing Research, Prentice Hall India, New Delh i, 1996.Bernhardt, Kinnear, Cases in Marketing Management, Butterworth Heinemann, 1997.WEBSITESwww.virginatlantic.comwww.airindia.comwww.tourismindia.comMAGAZINESBusiness Standard Aviation.Business World.Todays Traveler- The Business and Leisure

Gods Grandeur :: essays research papers

Relationships between humans and the Divine have been the subject of many authors writings, in fact the very first text incessantly published was the Bible the most comprehensive link between the Divine and humans. History is full of examples of people trying to define their relationship with the Divine or lack there of, &8220Have mercy on me, O god, according to your unfailing love... (Psalm 511). In the poems, &8220God&8217s Grandeur by Gerard Manley Hopkins and &8220Leda and the Swan by William pantryman Yeats, humans relationships with the Divine is explored. In these poems we distinguish an attempt to capture the obscurity, beauty and knowledge that are ever present in human beings relationships with the Divine. Hopkins and Yeats use a variety of method to express these views and in many ways differ in their attempts to capture this special relationship, but essentially they are trying to apologize the same thing the interconnection between the Divine and humans.In many as pect human and Divine relationships are very obscure, since it is often difficult to ride out faithful when God does not appear to be apparent in every day life. Hopkins realizes this, but compels the reader to take a closer tincture at the splendor of God which surrounds us every day, &8220The world is charged with the grandeur of God (Hopkins). Everything around is full of God&8217s glory, but one unavoidably to realize that, &8220God&8217s glory is hidden except to the inquiring eye or on special occasions (MacKenzie, 1981, p. 63). This is represented by the comparison of God&8217s glory to the shaking of gold foil. Gold foil when viewed from only one angle appears to be dull, but when shaken gives of radiant light, much resembling lightning. If we limit ourselves to looking for God only on the surface we may actually miss His true radiance because we are unwilling to explore new(prenominal) venues to discover Him. Much like lightning, God&8217s display of glory can be dange rous and powerful &8220The electrical images convey danger as well as power, but their display is rare (MacKenzie, 1981, p. 63). The glory of God is present but at the same time is obscure and irregular, we must therefore, strive to see it in our everyday life. Yeats also uses these images of power to portray the obscure nature of the Divine &8220A sudden blow the great wings beating still (Yeats).

Gods Grandeur :: essays research papers

Relationships between humans and the Divine have been the subject of many authors writings, in fact the in truth first text ever published was the Bible the most comprehensive link between the Divine and humans. History is full of examples of people trying to regulate their relationship with the Divine or lack there of, &8220Have mercy on me, O God, according to your unfailing love... (Psalm 511). In the poems, &8220God&8217s Grandeur by Gerard Manley Hopkins and &8220Leda and the Swan by William Butler Yeats, humans relationships with the Divine is explored. In these poems we see an attempt to capture the obscurity, beauty and knowledge that be ever present in human beings relationships with the Divine. Hopkins and Yeats use a variety of method to express these views and in many ways differ in their attempts to capture this special relationship, but basically they are trying to explain the same thing the interconnection between the Divine and humans.In many aspect human and Divi ne relationships are real cloud up, since it is often difficult to remain faithful when God does not appear to be apparent in every day life. Hopkins realizes this, but compels the reader to unsay a closer look at the splendor of God which surrounds us every day, &8220The world is charged with the grandeur of God (Hopkins). Everything around is full of God&8217s glory, but one needs to realize that, &8220God&8217s glory is hidden except to the inquiring eye or on special occasions (MacKenzie, 1981, p. 63). This is delineate by the comparison of God&8217s glory to the shaking of gold foil. Gold foil when viewed from only one angle appears to be dull, but when move gives of radiant light, much like lightning. If we limit ourselves to looking for God only on the surface we may actually miss His true radiance because we are unwilling to explore other venues to discover Him. Much like lightning, God&8217s display of glory can be dangerous and powerful &8220The galvanizing images con vey danger as well as power, but their display is rare (MacKenzie, 1981, p. 63). The glory of God is present but at the same time is obscure and irregular, we must therefore, strive to see it in our everyday life. Yeats also uses these images of power to portray the obscure nature of the Divine &8220A sudden blow the coarse wings beating still (Yeats).

Common core skills Essay

The key atomic number 18as in current legislation which relate to the safeguarding of tykeren (1.1) .2.Evaluate the effectiveness of a range of activities that idler be used to encourage children to protect themselves (1.2) 3.Explain at least 3 different types of transitions that children can experience over the age range birth to 16 years. Analyse the impact of the transition on children at a particular stage of development. (2.1 and 2.2) . Analyse the importance of play in supporting a childs development.5.For this task you need to identify 3 play activities for children of different ages. We want you to evaluate their effectiveness, identify the materials you need, why you have chosen the materials selected and any health and safety implications. (3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4) 7.Why is it important that you consider the health and safety implications for both the play activity and the materials used? 9.When communicating with children you need to ensure that your communication is fi t for their stage of development. How can you do this? Please give examples in your answer. (4.2) .10.During your training you explored different communication methods.Select some of these methods and evaluate their effectiveness. (4.3) .11.Explain the main functions of a multi office team. (5.1) .12.What are the benefits of a multi agency team? 13.Why do you, as a nanny, need to be aware of multi agency working and team working? (5.3) .14.As a nanny you may need to be working with a range of other professionals. How would working in this way ensure the needs of the child are met? (5.4) 15.Using the table below analyse which professionals you would need to be involved with and their role.

Justice vs Mercy

Justice is the most fundamental requirement of a decent functioning, civilized society. An blotto system of cause and effect that apply to all members is exactly what human beings need to ensure peaceful living. As the events and characters of Shakespe ares pansy Lear clearly indicate, mercy is extremely important in dealing with problems in society, but justice should be the standard by which people are governed in dealing with crimes, however harsh it may seem.Man needs to fear the consequences of his actions because if on that point are no undesired repercussions, he will follow his baser desires to no limit. When there is a strict system of justice in place that applies to all members of society, fewer crimes will be committed as a result of habitual punishments. Also, there is a system of karma that we already see in place. If justice is non served by the law, some form of justice comes or so to the perpetrator from a high power. Therefore, in dealing with crimes in so ciety as a whole, the use of justice should dominate the use of mercy.I believe that human nature is to be content with virtue. However, there is also a part of us that is desirous of evil. It is that lower, deeper part of our desires that gives us pleasure in doing things that we know are harmful to ourselves and those around us. Most people will tell you they follow a certain moral conduct because of the virtue of their character, but only a certain role of those people actually speak the truth. The rest, only do so for fear of consequences.This is exactly the reason why people be shake well in nominal head of others, while they do many undesirable things when they are alone. If there is no fear of the legal repercussions of ones actions, the majority of the population will non be able to control that inner monster who is only satiated with evil and destruction. As Albany, the son-in-law of King Lear so eloquently puts it If that the heavens do not their visible spirits Send q uickly down to tame these vile scoreences, It will come, Humanity must perforce prey on itself, Like monsters of the deep. (IV, ii, 46-49). He is saying that if some form of justice is not dished out, the world would turn into a wild and savage place. Therefore, a system of justice that allots punishments that are equal in degree to the crimes committed is needed to keep people in check. Also, the system of justice that we just spoke about should be unwavering for each and every individual in society, no matter the rank or position of that person. King Lear himself says, Through tattered clothes down(p) vices do appear /Robes and furred gowns hide all.Plate sin with gold, /And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks / Arm it in rags, a pygmys straw does pierce it (IV, vi, 167-169) Here, he is complaining of the sad state that the justice system is in. There is a huge amount of unfairness that happens when judging the rich and the poor for the same offence. misfortunate peopl e suffer a lot more for their petty crimes, while the rich can get away with the worst things by paying off the right people. What King Lear concluded hundreds of years ago, is still the sad state of our society today.The justice system is so corrupt that people in higher positions of power that are tried and proven guilty of horrendous crimes sometimes get the same amount of prison time as a small scaled armed robbery. An example of this is when pictures leaked of physical and emotional torture and sadistic killings conducted by a certain general and the 6 other people on his team in a prison in Iraq. A lot of the people that were there were taken from the streets and happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time and had no knowledge of the terrorist forces.These people were detained and every time they were to be questioned, they would be taken to a room, stripped naked, beaten, put into stress positions and have a number of other things done to them that are too gruesome to speak of. These American soldiers took pictures of all the things that went on. These pictures were ultimately how they got caught. Even with all that proof, the largest sentence that was wedded out was for 10 years to the general and sentences ranging from 6 months to a couple of years to the 6 other members that were involved.This is how unfair the justice system is in matrimony America. If a society was to be created where all members are actually treated the same, there would be less crime in that society as a whole as everyone would know they cannot get away with anything. Lastly, justice is such that what goes around, comes around. I believe in karma as it is often apparent in life. Sometimes, the legislate is not of equal degree to the action, but in the end, you reap what you sow.This is what Albany means when he says, This shows you are above,/ You justicers, that these our nether crimes/ So speedily can venge. (IV, ii, (78-80) He is expressing his gratitude to the Gods for the death of Cornwall for his horrible crimes. I am also of the opinion that God will even out the forces of evil when He sees fit. Therefore, we should establish the ideal system of justice and stick with it in the correct manner. If crimes are committed by us, we should accept the punishment agreed on by the society or a stronger and worst punishment may come our way from someone else.In conclusion, to ensure a society in which crime is curbed as much as possible, a proper, strict justice system needs to be established that is equal in its dealings with all classes of people. This is the only way to ensure the control of human desire as there is no telling what a person might do to harm themselves and others without rules to govern them. References 1)Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Toronto Signet Classic Shakespeare, 1998. 2)Ghosts of Abu Ghraib. dir. Rory Kennedy, 2007.

Arab community and Mosque

Terrorism, especially Islamic terrorism lately has been regarded as the almost let onrageous menace of the civilianized and modern. In one feed the Islamic fundamentalist groups or organizations like Al-Qaeda are operating at merciless precision against the whole of western civilization, specifically the United States. The focal establish of this paper is to act according to the given situation as a Counterterrorism Official with a significant Arab nation in a city. The population includes both Arab American citizens and immigrants.Every action taken in the context of security must be evaluated in terms of non only effective measures of obliteration of terrorism but also should deal with the aspects of ethical considerations. An effective measure in reverberationing terrorism could have been to move substantial attack and infiltrate the Arab friendship and Mosque but that would be too irrational and many innocent civilians would be harmed. Alongside it would appear as if th is is a new version of Nazi regime. The rectify mode would be to implant informants among the Arab community.This would be a much better mode of operation as it is ethical to use personal monitoring organization rather than use force indiscriminately. Furthermore, the security officials are bounded by ethical considerations other than the need to prevent needless deaths through terrorism and that should be valued. By ethical consideration it is important to understand the need of self respect and human rights and one should evermore maintain the boundary between civil rights and autocracy.It should be noted that several measures could be taken maintaining the ethical context. First of all, there is the problem of forged documents and counterfeit currency. To negotiate these and to control probable and but infiltrations the authorities must hold up it absolutely necessary to double check each and every document under double scrutiny that are be sick forward by any individual of religion other than Christianity. This may appear a bit of racist statement but under the detection of national security this measure should be taken into account.The primary reason of eliminating Christians from this scrutiny is the information that hardly any person of this belief has ever been lay down involved with fundamentalist Islamic activities. Secondly, eliminating the Christians would regard a faster mean of scrutiny as, and logically enough, the majority of the demography of United States and United Kingdoms are Christians. By why not eliminate Hindus, Shiks and Buddhists from this schedule?This is because it would be very difficult for security personnel to identify Hindus, Shiks and Buddhist apart from that of an Islamic militant and it is not possible to teach each and every security personnel the basic differences of religion. Next in the line is the problem of Apartments and hiding places. To counter this issuing a social security number of any other identificati on documents would not serve the purpose alone. To counter these Islamic militants the authorities should ensure that whoever is renting out an apartment or a property or selling the same to a non Christian individual should inform the authorities at once.The authorities should make it a mandatory issue. Furthermore, the authorities should set up enough whispering campaigns to ensure each individual is aware of this menace of Islamic terrorism and should always keep an eye or two on such suspecting parties. Reports should be forwarded immediately if there are indications of such activities. For this purpose the authorities must ensure to maintain a counter terrorism cell in each station. Another very vital tool of operations of the Islamic fundamentalist elements is the lofty tech means of communication.Though we often say that the internet has opened our eyes to the world and has unlocked our minds for the greater good, it is with this medium, along with telecommunication and shor t wave transmitter and other communicative means the Islamic fundamentalists have closed their minds and hearts and zeroed in to destroy anything and everything that are beautiful, sober and just. To present a counterterrorist plan against this blackguard of communication system the authorities must make sure that no bit of information is passed unnoticed or without proper scrutiny.For this, if it requires the best code decoders accessible so be it. If it requires the best possible software system so be it too. After all this is the matter of national security. (Kar, 2006) Information is one of the most important of all features of the terrorist groups. Infiltrators are basically implanted into the geography of a state mainly to gather information about the associate state so that it would be possible for these people to gather enough information whereby it would be possible for the terrorist groups to utilize the information to gain access into the strategic location and put t o death terrorist activities.To negotiate and nullify these activities the authorities must ensure to put up wings involved in counter espionage. A wing of domestic counter espionage system is very hard to digest but overlooking this manifestation of the Islamic terrorist group would be resulting into adversity. So it is much needed that the authorities call units to monitor and report all possible act of terrorist espionage. Alongside, strategic points of the country should be well protected and supervised on a regular basis.Departments of concerns related to the countrys defense mechanisms should be well protected as well because there are the prime targets of the Islamic terrorist groups. Every other point of strategic points should be kept under thorough watch like stock exchange and other financial institutions for possible scams. This is because it has been found that the end in source of many financial scams result in the hand of different terrorist groups. These groups are always in need of financial assistance and scams are a good source of acquiring a substantial amount of finance.(Lamb, 2004) All these measures are ethical and effective as far as security is concerned. and then it can be stated that f used properly it would possible to eradicate the menace of terrorism staying with in the parameters of ethical considerations. References Kar, P (2006) Principals of Homeland warrantor and Related Applications Kolkata Dasgupta & Chatterjee Lamb, D (2004) Cult to Culture The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata Wellington National Book Trust

Atv Design Report

TEAM ID60000 BAJA SAE INDIA 2012 DESIGN REPORT Copyright 2009 SAE International TEAM THE CONRODS AUTHOR K. SUBHASH BABU. CO-AUTHOR KARN JAIN. ABSTRACT The intents of the mini-Baja arguing be to design and manufacture a fun to drive, versatile, safe, durable, and high performance sullen road fomite. Team members must chink that the fomite satisfies the limits of restore rules, while also to generating financial support for the project, and managing their educational responsibilities. This vehicle must be capable of negotiating the nearly extreme terrain with confidence and ease.The 2012 SRM UNIVERSITY Mini-Baja Team, THE CONRODS met these objectives by dividing the vehicle into its major comp whizznt subsystems. By examining the 2011 entry, the team was able improve on many design features to better meet the stated requirements. Function Diagram (QFD) to determine which parameters were the almost critical. These key parameters ranging from most critical to least critical a re safe, reliability, first wagon train be, ease of ope symmetryn and maintenance, and overall performance. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSENGINE Type Displacement contraction proportionality Max Power Max Torque DRIVE TRAIN Transmission Gear Shift Mechanism SUSPENSION Front Suspension overturn Suspension Ground Clearance Shocks and Springs Front Susp. Travel Rear Susp. Travel WHEELS Front Tyres Rear Tyres BRAKES Wor pansy Fluid Type Pedal Ratio M C Bore Dia W C Bore Dia Brake Disc Dia STEERING Type Mechanism Steering Ratio Lock to manoeuver move 4 Stroke, OHV,B&S 304 cc 81 7. 5 KW 3600 rpm 18. 5 Nm 2600 rpm Mahindra Champion Alfa (forward Orientation) Sequential repeat Wishbone Double Wishbone 11. ines Customized 5 marches 6. 5 inches 22*8-10 22*8-10 Dot-3 Oil All turn over Disc 41 0. 8 inch 1. 6 inch 6 inch Ackermann Rack and Pinion 10. 71 400 INTRODUCTION&CONSUMER INFLUENCES THE CONRODS BAJA SAEINDIA vehicle is designed as a figure of speech for manufacture by an revea ldoor recreation firm. The paragon vehicle is safe, simple and inexpensive. Additionally, the vehicle is attractive to potential buyers in both(prenominal) its visual appearance and performance. These characteristics are considered in design of the following major vehicle subsystems frame, disruption, steering, and braking.Before any design could begin, we had to understand exactly who our customers are and their needs. To gain this understanding, we did extensive research that acceptd food market survey and interviewing both professional and nonprofessional local off-road enthusiasts. With this research, we determined that our customers are the BAJA SAEINDIA event and non-professional weekend off-road enthusiasts. We felt it necessary to distinguish between the cardinal to ensure that we followed all rules set by SAEINDIA INDIA and to accommodate the weekend off-road enthusiasts in a safe manner within the SAEINDIA rules.With all necessary design parameters determined for ea ch(prenominal) customer base, we were able to combine them for an overall list of design specifications that met all SAEINDIA requirements. We used these parameters to create a Qualitative 1P ag e Turning universal gas constant 2. 7 meters CHASSIS/OVERALL DIMENSIONS Chassis Material IS 3074 CDS1 Tubular Frame Overall Length 2100 mm Wheel Base 1490 mm Wheel Track 1143. 2 mm Height of fomite 1520. 0 mm WEIGHTS Front Wheel Assembly 10 Kg Rear Wheel Assembly 11. 8 Kg Engine(with engine oil) 23 Kg Transmission(with 17 Kg lubricant) Chassis 55 Kg Dampers 8 Kg Expected curbing Weight 260 KgTARGET SPECIFICATIONS Parameters Speed Stopping Distance Acceleration Gradability Turning circle dia. Ground Clearance Emissions Values 40 km/h 7m 11. 6 seconds 82. 2% 5. 4 m 11. 6 inches BS III the planes created by the stray cage and the drivers helmet. SAEINDIA also require a 3 inch envelope when a straight-edge is applied to any two tubing. Emphasis was placed on creating an easily manufactured roll cage with few parts, minimal conjoin and yet is still both light and strong, hence the numbers of bends were unploughed to a minimum.Roll hoop Overhead members and anterior Bracing Members are one continuous bent tube. Lower Frame slope tubes are straight and are bent inwards to connect to the search foramen mounts. The Side relate Member is a single tube with a single bend that encompass the car from the Rear Roll Hoop forward. The foot box of the vehicle is shaped by the LFS, SIM and straight tubes welded to the upper side concern tube forming a hexagonal front bulkhead taking into consideration the time out design and drop-off in dead space based on experience from the 2011 entry. A 3-D view of the car is shown beneath FRAME DESIGNOBJECTIVE & FRAME CONFIGURATION The objective of the haoma is to encapsulate all Components of the car including a driver efficiently and safely. With a limited amount of power, the focus is primarily on the power to pack ratio of the vehicle. The only means to improve this critical parameter is to reduce the overall vehicle fish. Great care is taken in laying out the chassis. SAEINDIA requires each vehicle conform to a 95percentile male for all ergonomic evaluations of the design. The pertinent information is taken from Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design by Stephen Pheasant.Several key safety factors in the design process dictate chassis roll cage layout and foot box design. For the roll cage, SAEINDIA requires 6 inches of clearance measured from the inside of star aspects of the chassis focused on during the design and implementation included driver safety, suspension and drive-train integration, structural locatedity, weight, and operator ergonomics. The number one priority in the chassis design was driver Page 2 safety. With the help of the 2012 Baja SAEINDIA Competition Rules and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), design assurance was able to take place.Rear Impact succeeding(a) nominate, imp act analysis was done while assuming 15,000N as the impact force. melodic line SMX-172. 22 N/mm2 FOS2. 43 MATERIAL SELECTION Two existents were considered for the eddy of the chassis AISI 4130 and IS 3074 CDS 1. IS 3074 CDS 1 steel with an OD of 25. 4 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm was chosen because it exceeds the bending cruelty and loudness requirements of SAEINDIAINDIA which gives increased protection to driver. PROPERTY Tensile strength(N/sq. mm) Yield strength(N/sq. mm) Elongation on 50 mm G. L Density (g/cc) IS 3074 438 376 32% 7. 872 AISI 4130 760 460 27% 7. 5 Side Impact The next step in the analysis was to analyse a side impact with a 5000N load. As a side impact is most likely to occur with the vehicle being hit by another MiniBaja vehicle it was assumed that neither vehicle would be a fixed object. STRESS 237. 49 N/mm2 FOS 1. 77 It was found out that the bending stiffness and bending strength of IS 3074 CDS are greater than those of 1018 steel having a circular fa ll guy section of 25. 4 mm and 3 mm thickness LOADING ANALYSIS To properly dear the loading that the vehicle will encounter, an analysis of the impact loading seen in the various types of impact scenarios was required.To properly model the impact force, the deceleration of the vehicle after impact is generally assumed to be zero. To approximate the worst case scenario that the vehicle will see, research into the forces the human body can endure was completed. It was assumed that this worst case collision would be seen when the vehicle runs into stationary, rigid object. Front Impact The first analysis to be completed was that of a front collision with a stationary object. In this case a deceleration of 20,000N was the assumed loading. STRESS SMX-177. 81 N/mm2 FOS 2. 36Rollover Impact The Final step in the analysis was to analyse the try on on the roll cage caused by rollover with a 5000N load on the cage. The Loading was applied to the two upper forward corner of the perimeter ho op with a combination sender sideways and downward. The load was chosen to be on two corners as this would be a worst case scenario rollover. STRESS 267 N/mm2 FOS1. 57 forum To maximize the geometrical consistency of the fabricated chassis, all fixturing and measurements were based on a single fixed coordinate system relative to a rigid table on which the chassis and all components were bolted.Through the use of this table and good fixturing practices, the team was able to best assure that the chassis geometry, especially Page 3 in critical sections such as the suspension pickup points, correlated closely with the design specifications. In addition, measuring from aFixed location minimized tolerance stack-up referable to measurement error and component movement results. We stimulate decided to fabricate the second hub since it has minimum weight and optimized FOS. *Material Used to manufacture the hubs- postgraduate Carbon vane *Hardening Process Done-Cyaniding SPACE IN DRIVER COMPARTMENTDRIVER EROGONOMICS Driver ergonomics has been our major concern during design of the frame and also during positioning of various systems in drivers cabin. Cabin is made spacious for safe and reliefable. All the cables and wires are routed properly so that they would not interfere with driver legs or hands. all the routings are done in design stage itself and ROH is raised to a suitable height so that it would give proper vision to the driver DRIVERS VISION window SUSPENSION fair game A Mini-Baja suspension system must satisfy the following design requirements.Control movement at the wheels during vertical suspension travel and steering, both of which shape handling and stability. Provide sufficient sprung mass vibration isolation to maintain satisfactory jaw quality, while maintaining high tire-ground contact rate and low tire vertical load fluctuation rate to improve road holding and handling. Improve jumping performance by limiting sprung mass sales talk displac ement while the vehicle is airborne. Limit chassis roll during cornering to keep roll-over, decrease roll camber, and therefore, decrease steering reaction time and slip fee induced drag forces.Prevent excessively high jacking forces by managing static roll center location and roll center migration. Limit lateral tire scrubbing to maintain straight line stability and minimize horsepower losses at the base suspension. Control lateral load transfer distribution to influence both steady state and limit of adhesion over steer/under steer handling characteristics. The non-professional weekend off road enthusiast requires a vehicle which exhibits both safe, stable, responsive handling and a soft, comfortable ride . DRIVERS VIEW OF THE CABIN Alternatives consideredSeveral different types of suspension system were considered before selecting the mugwump unequal arm double wishbone suspension system for both front and rear. Unequal double A-arm In the design, suspension is supported by t riangulated Aarm at the top and bottom of the knuckle. Advantages *Improved ride quality *Good road holding *Rigid links *More control over geometry *Wheel control is precise *Negative camber gain during vertical suspension travel. Page 4 FRONT SUSPENSION Setting static roll Centre A two dimensional sketch was made after estimating the Centre of mass of the vehicle on paper.Various references were taken to make a 2D sketch these include ? ? ? ? Track width of vehicle Front hub king pin axis inclination, king pin length, ball joint dimension Rim off set(for king pin positioning) Wishbone mounting point lengths rebound. Since we could not find springs that were less stiff than this we decided to go for the Auto springs as it satisfied our ride comfort requirements. A stiffer spring was required in the rear to achieve the coupling effect of suspension so as to convert the pitching action into a bouncing motion. fundament SUSPENSIONThe primary concern in conception the rear suspensi on was to abide the maximum possible travel (jounce and rebound) such that the rear driving wheels were always kept in contact with the ground. The camber metamorphose in the rear wheels should be such that there is not much appreciable change in camber throughout the travel of the wheel. The other factor taken into account was that we were having things with the rear suspension in last years design as it was observed that the drive shaft coupling was coming in contact with the lower wishbone in the rebound condition and this issue has been addressed and rectified in this years design.The rear suspension wheel rate was fixed such that the inborn frequency of the rear suspension is 20% greater than the front suspension thus providing a flat ride over bumps by converting the pitching motion of the vehicle to be born-again into bouncing motion. DAMPER SELECTION Method for selecting springs The process began by selecting an appropriate wheel rate for the front axle. A typical road frequency of 3. 7 Hz may be encountered at the competition. This is based on a vehicle urge of 40Km/h and a road surface with bumps spaced 3m apart. The natural frequency of the suspension should be kept well below 3. Hz in order to avoid any unwanted excitation. A front suspension natural frequency of 1. 20 Hz was deemed to be suitable. The wheel rate required to obtain this natural frequency was established using the following equating (assuming sprung mass of 72kg/wheel) . 2 ? ? We need to calculate the damping ratios for the front and rear suspensions. The design process will commence by iteration only. First we find the ratio for sprung and unsprung with respect to the model. Sprung mass was found to be 71. 456kg the sprung weight was determined while the sprung mass was 288. 54kg. The ratio is 0. 247. The natural frequency of the front suspension is set at 1. 2Hz. Weight on each front wheel is 57. 71 kg. The max force of damping is given by Fcd =2*Msp*wn. Critical damping for ce for the front suspension system is 1085. 73 Ns/m. For the un-sprung mass natural frequency would be Wn=((Ks+Kt)/Ms)0. 5 The combined stiffness of tire and wheel is 53. 24N/mm. Amplitude ratios were calculated for a retch of damping ratios. These amplitude ratios represent the ratio of applied displacement and the displacement that actually reaches the sprung mass.Amplitude ratios were plotted against the ratio of applied frequency and natural frequency of the sprung mass. This graph shows the nonsuch damping ratio that should be used. This value as obtained from graph is 0. 7 which gives a damping co-efficient value of 760 Ns/m. In the similar manner the rear suspension has a ride rate of 1. 56Hz. The critical damping force is 1960 Ns/m. The graph of amplitude ratio vs frequency ratio shows an ideal damping ratio of 0. 7 the damping co-efficient is = 0. 7*1960=1372 Ns/m. ? fn ? k wheel msThe ideal wheel rate for the front suspension was calculated to be approximately 40N/mm. Th e relationship between wheel rate and motion ratio (MR) was used to generalise the location of the shock actuation point on the lower control arm. k wheel ? (MR) 2 ? k spring We need to set the motion ratio according to the wheel travel we require for our suspension. A travel of 50 mm was required and a list of springs were collected and measured for their stiffness characteristics. According to this calculation the motion ratio for auto spring As (Ks=58. 57N/mm) wheel rate (Kw=41N/mm) the motion ratio was 0. 8366. Travel of spring per unit wheel travel)The travel obtained by this spring was lesser than was required we could only obtain 26mm of travel in Page 5 STEERING DESIGN Objective of steering system in Baja vehicle ? ? ? To provide un problematic maneuverability of the vehicle over the undulating terrain. It must be durable to sustain the harsh offroad racing course. Less bump steer and return ability in steering Customer requirement DESIGN OF WHEEL HUBS Our wheel hubs hav e been designed and fabricated after an extensive research. Effort has been made for minimum scrub roentgen and obtains the best possible wheel geometry.Adams and Ansys have been used to take over and analyse the behavior of these hubs respectively. We have two major design concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. Optimum sensitivity Low turning radius Minimum feedback Low exist and easy maintenance Basis of our design We have decided to opt for a 400 degree lock to lock rack and pinion steering with Ackerman geometry. volute cut teeth will be used for the rack and pinion due to the following advantages over spur gears ? ? ? ? They take higher loads. They are quieter and smoother. HUB 1 SCRUB RADIUS FACTOR OF SAFETY HUB 2 8 mm 4. 6 1460gm. 15 mm 5. 2 2506gmRulebook Constraints All vehicles must be equipt with positive wheel lock? to? lock stops and adjustable tie rod ends must be constrained with a jam nut to prevent loosening Tie rod of vehicle should be secured by bumper in front or any other sa fety device in rear in order to avoid damage of tie rod during collision. WEIGHT Hence taking various factors in to consideration HUB 2 is considerd for fabrication and stress analysis is done on it. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED STRESS DEFORMATION Rack and Pinion Good High Low Light 1. Extermely Simple 2. Gives good driving step Recirculating ball screw Very High Low High Very High 1.Very Low free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability Worm and sector High Low Very High Comparatively Heavy 1. High free play 2. Non-selfreturn ability FRONT HUB Efficiency Compactness Cost Weight Comments REAR HUB Calculations Distance between King Pins (c) Using the formulatione = 1117. 6mm FORMULAS FOR STEERING ANGLES ? ? ? cot O cot ? =c/b sin ? =(c-d)/2r sin(? + ? ) +sin(? O) =2sin ? Page 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BOBLLIER CONSTRUCTION FOR bike POSITIONING turning radius = (track/2) + (wheelbase/sin(average steer angle) here O=? o =outer wheel angle ? =? I = inner wheel angle wherefore ? steering a rm angle r = length of the steering arm c= kingpin to kingpin distance d=length of the track rod b=wheelbase CALCULATIONS wheel base (b)=1532mm kingpin to kingpin distance(c) = 1117. 6 steering arm angle ? =30 degrees on substitution an comparing two results we get ? =40 degrees O=27 degres turning radius was calculated to be 2. 9m Clevis joint is used in rack to reduce the bump steer . The below picture shows the clevis joint used Rack and Pinion design Rack displacement calculation RACK ANALYSIS FOS 8. 5 deformation stress From to a higher place formula we get rack displacement =40+40=80mmThe picture of the complete rack assembly Page 7 Values No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. incident Symbol Formula Spur Gear 2 20 11 zm/2 + H zm D cos? 35 22 Db 20. 67 23 24 Rack Module Pressure angle Number of teeth Height of Pitch Line Centre Distance Pitch diameter Base Diameter M ? Z H Ax D Adams results CALCULATION OF FORCES ON RACK AND PINION R=steering wheel radius = 165mm r=pinion pitch-circle radius t=number of pinion teeth = 6 p=linear or circular pitch =22mm E= commentary steering-wheel effort = 2 * 20N W=output rack load If the pinion makes one revolution input steering wheel movement Xi = 2? Output rack movement Xo = 2? R = txp = 82. 86mm Therefore Movement ratio (MR) = Xi/Xo=2? R/2? r=2? R/tp=R/r= 165/11=15 15= W/E, w=600N force is to be applied on to the pinion to move the rack. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ft = Transmitted force Fn = Normal force. Fr = Resultant force ? = pressure angle Fn = Ft tan ? Fr = Ft/Cos ? Here ? =20 degrees therefore Fn=194. 95NFr=630N Opposite wheel travel Fig 3 Graph 1 camber angle vs wheel travel Graph 2 roll centre height vs wheel travel Graph 3 wheel rate vs wheel travel Fig1Shows the single wheel travel vs toe change and scrub radiusPage 8 POWERTRAIN DESIGN ? ? Engine and contagion are the loudest systems of the vehicle. Since the engine provided could not be touched in any way, the only hindrance lessening technique that could be adopted was through the use of proper mufflers. Various mufflers were tested on the engine but the stock muffler provided the least noise levels . It also provided the best fuel efficiency . So it was decided to use the stock mufflers considering the Go Green theme. The gear box and CV joints should always be kept properly lubricated to minimize noise due to friction.To reduce vibrations transferred to the chassis from the engine, it is mounted on rubber bushes. The drive shafts are welded properly so that they are inline and no vibrations occur during rotation. The gearbox is mounted firmly in such a way that there is a minimum contact between gearbox and chassis which means minimum transfer of vibration to chassis. The fuel tank capacity is 4 litres. ? ? ? Fig2 Shows roll steer vs wheel travel ? ? ? ? Driveline Power is familial from the engine to the wheels in the following way Engine Stub Axle Chain Drive Wheels Gearbox DriveshaftOpposite wheel travel fig 4 Graph 1roll centre vs roll angl e Graph 2 camber vs roll angle Graph 3 roll stiffness vs roll angle The Driveshaft consists of dowel pin on the gearbox side and rzeppa joint on wheel side . This design ensures transmission of power with minimal losses and allows transmission at longer wheel travel Page 9 Design Methodologies A customer expects the following things from the transmission system of a Baja vehicle Forward Orientation Gear Final Gear Ratio 31. 48 18. 70 11. 40 7. 35 55. 08 ? ? ? ? Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 12. 04 20. 27 33. 26 51. 59 6. 88 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2240. 7 1348. 28 821. 93 485 3971 abolish Orientation Final Gear Ratio 55. 08 32. 72 19. 95 13. 40 31. 48 Max. Vehicle Speed (Km/hr) 8. 17 13. 68 22. 19 32. 14 12. 75 Max. Tractive Effort (N) 2990 1776. 23 Reverse engine orientation resulted in problem with weight distribution and increased vehicle length. Using the transmission in forward helped to shift the center of gravity towards vehicles center. Due to decreased reduction it also re sults in increased vehicle speed. It also provides faster acceleration and higher top speed due to this reason we decided to use the transmission in forward orientation.To calculate vehicle speed at different engine speeds in different gears, we used the formula V= (2*3. 14*engine speed*radius of wheel/Gear ratio)*(60/1000) km/hr. The gear ratios obtained are Chain Drive gear ratio = 28/28 =1 1083 818. 36 1708. 91 The following graph is obtained Tractive effort is calculated by formula F=Engine torque*Gear efficiency/wheel radius The curves obtained are ratio*transmission First Gear Second Gear Third Gear Fourth Gear Reverse Gear High speed for acceleration and speed trials. High torque for towing and hill climbing events.It should be reliable and light weight. It should transmit power in any driving conditions. ? The gearbox operation should be smooth and easy for driving comfort. The engine used has low power to weight ratio, so its necessary to transmit power with minimal loss th rough drive train. It should be such that it can be easily couple with the engine. Alternatives considered We had three options while deciding the transmission system a) b) c) A cvt mated with Mahindra gearbox. A custom made manual gearbox. Use of Mahindra assistant gearbox coupled with chain drive. 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 ractive effort in beginning(a) gear tractive effort in 2nd gear The maximum Tractive effort obtained is 2240N at 2600rpm in 1st gear. Providing an acceleration of 5. 6 m/s2. The variation of full throttle power with road speed is shown below with different gear ratio Our previous experience with cvt had problem of belt slipping at high torque conditions. Also it resulted in increased weight. So we decided against using this. As we already had 2 champion Alfa gearboxes, we decided on using this gearbox alongwith a chain drive due to the following reasons 1) 2) 3) 4) Reduced chassis width.Can be easily coupled with the engine. commensurate drive shaft length s increased ground clearance. Minimum rear overhang better vehicle dynamics. 60 2nd gear 40 1st gear 20 0 0 2000 4000 3rd gear We had 2 options for the orientation of gearbox A) Forward engine with engine in the front rear axle. B) Reverse engine orientation with engine behind of the rear axle. Total resistance of the vehicle at 3600rpm is found out by the formula R=k AW2+KW+WsinO. Where k= coefficient of air resistance N-m2. Page 10 A=frontal area of the car, m2. V= vehicle speed, km/hr. K=constant of rolling resistance.W= weight of car,N O=gradient angle, degrees. The value of resistance comes out to be R=442. 64+2452 sinO. We put this value in formula RV/3600nt=power of engine By solving the above equation for o, we get o=33 degree at 2600 rpm in 1st gear. Stopping Distance Braking Efficiency Parameters Master Cylinder Diameter Caliper Diameter Brake pad height Diameter of the disc Co-efficient of friction of the pasture brake pad Force generated by both the brake pads per whee l Braking Torque per wheel Weight of vehicle(with the driver) Wheelbase Height of COG self-propelling front axle load Dynamic rear axle load 0. 11 m 56% Magnitude/value 19. 05 mm 32 mm 27 mm 162 mm 0. 38 3431 N 1040 N 360 Kg 1397 mm 601. 3 mm 1780 N 1650 N 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2000 4000 gradabilit y in 1st gear Gradabilit y in 2nd gear Gradabilit y in 3rd gear BRAKING DISTANCE VS revive This shows that the vehicle is capable of climbing a 30 degree slope in 1st gear. This is more than enough for heavy off-road conditions. BRAKES The criterion of designing the brake system, as stated by the rule book is that, all the wheels must lock simultaneously as the driver presses the brake pedal.Our ATV consists of disc in all the four wheels, as disc brakes are safer, reliable and more effective than drum brakes. Brake circuit used is Independent in order to ensure safety We are using rotors of the same diameter for all the four wheels. Special ATV rotors and wheel calipers have been im ported from Taiwan and tandem bicycle Master Cylinder of Maruti 800 is being used. Brass linings and Rubber (flexible) brake hoses are being used in the circuit. A Pro-E model of the brake circuit in the vehicle Brake specifications Force of the driver on the pedal Average circuit pressure Pedal ratio Deceleration 400 N 5. 16 N/sqmm 41 5. 5m/sqsec Page 11 BODY PANELS The criteria for selecting the material for body panels firewall and belly pan was as follows ? ? ? ? ? ? guard of the driver Rulebook constraints Weight of the panels Recyclability of the material used Cost of the material Serviceability of the vehicle INNOVATION Solenoid Operated Fire Extinguisher The body panels are divided into three parts Side panels, front bumper and rear panels. For increasing the serviceability of the vehicle, the panels and front bumper have been mounted using easily detachable clips.The materials used for the firewall and belly pan are 1. 5mm thick aluminium alloy sheets, which are both lig htweight and 100% recyclable. For body panels, 0. 2mm thick sheet metal is used. It is also 100% recyclable. We have decided to incorporate following safety features in our vehicle 1. All disc brakes with cross circuit. 2. Corrosion resistant stainless steel bolts with nylon lock nuts for all fastenings. 3. 2 fire extinguishers 4. First aid kit 5. Spill guard and splash shield for fuel tank 6. Four point harness seat belts. 7. enormous open throttle stop at the pedal. . Reverse alarm and brake lights. 9. Two 01-171 Ski-Doo decimate switches. 10. Steering stop at the wheels. 11. Rear view mirrors. 12. fervour switch for engine, apart from pull start. 13. Electronic operated fire extinguisher. 14. rump belt engine kill system 15. Driver emergency communication system This refreshed kind of fire extinguisher agreement is operated electronically through a solenoid valve. In case of fire the valve is opened by a manually operated sacking and a jet of CO2 is released in the engine compartment through various angles.This effectively extinguishes fire in the engine compartment and stops its further propagation. Seat Belt Engine Kill System This system is designed such that the driver will not be able to start the car until he engages his seat belt. The seat belt acts as a switch to operate the relay connected to the engine kill wire. When the seat belt is disconnected, the engine kill wire is grounded. Thus, the car cannot be started. As the seat belt is engaged, relay operates, and the engine kill wire circuit is now open enabling the driver to start the COMMUNICATION SYSTEMPURPOSE This is a two way communication system wherein messages and signals can be transmitted from the pit to the driver and vice versa. FEATURES The system uses two microcontroller based Arduino boards fitted with an ZIGbee communication module. Page 12 It is a transceiver. The signals are sent and received with the help of color coded Push Buttons and LEDs. The actual tested system a rrangement is shown in figure. BILL OF MATERIALS All the parts of the ATV are classified into eleven blocks and are given a unique ten digit part number.The cost of procurement of the part or the material is mentioned and all the machining operations are stated clearly. The spread sheet calculates the cost of machining also. Finally, the sub total of the procurement cost and the machining cost is obtained which helps in grand total of the costs. The BOM gives the level of hierarchy to each part. Sub-Division Engine Transmission Brakes Steering Suspension Wheels Electricals Body Chassis Fasteners Safety Grand Total Cost(in INR) 17000. 00 16800. 00 6928. 00 4457. 00 29954. 00 40308. 00 7940. 00 5340. 00 16240. 00 1346. 00 8272. 00 154585. 00 Page 13ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND REFERENCES ? ? BAJA SAEINDIAINDIA Rulebook. ASIA 2010 Gillespie, Thomas D. , Fundamental of vehicle dynamics, SAEINDIAINDIA publication ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Body-space Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design by Stephen Phe asant. Automotive Engineering Fundamentals by Richard scar and Jeffery K. Ball The Multi body Systems Approach to Vehicle Dynamics by Mike Blundell and Demian Harty Theory of Machines by S S Ratan Automobile Mechanics by N. K. Giri Machine Design by R. S. Khurmi Strength of Material by R. K. Rajput Google. com Howstuffworks. com Wikipedia. org Page 14

How Goths Contributed to the Breakup of the Roman Empire

Today our group pull up stakes discuss how the Goths contributed to the breakup of the papist empire. We will do this by raising some questions and providing the answers for our theory. The Goths were an ancient Germanic Tribe that conquered Europes Roman Empire. Each of the Germanic tribes divided into several branches, the Saxons, the Vandals, the Franks and the Goths, The Goths consisted of 2 branches that contributed to the fall of Europes Roman Empire, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths.Geographic descriptions were often used to distinguish volume living north of the Roman Empire, so the Goths were known as the forest people. The Goths originated from Sweden. The Western Gothic tribe, The Visigoths, first emerged as a distinct people, during the fourth century. The Eastern tribe, The Ostrogoths, migrated to Poland and developed as a distinct people everyplace the following 300 years. thither names are geographical and were used by each tribe to describe each other.They were h owever, multi cultural and cannot lay claimed to an goop heritage. The Goths were banished from their homeland after an attack from the Hun, and were desperate enough to camp on the Danube River, from which they crossed into the Roman Empire. They then sheltered from further attacks from the Hunnic invaders, and were offered farmland by the Valens the emperor moth of Rome. Famine began to take its toll and in order to get food the Goths plundered the Roman farmlands to survive. Initially, the Ostrogoths were close allies of the Hun.During the fourth and fifth century, the Ostrogoths emerged as near rivals to Rome for control of the Danube River, but this became untenable after the arrival of the Hun Barbarians. This is a conflict all about the competition for space, the Hunnic had very specify roles for subordinate ethnic groups, and the Ostrogoths escaped the brutal Hunnic occupation and were received as catch up withrs on Roman soil in Yugoslavia. It was a common belief that the Roman Empire would hold out forever, but in the third century barbarian invasions became severe which made the Empire weaken its western and northern frontiers.The combination of other factors such as imperial It was a common belief that the Roman Empire would last forever, but in the third century barbarian invasions became severe which made the Empire weaken its western and northern frontiers. The combination of other factors such as imperial incompetence, the size of the Empire, the uncontrollable abundance of slaves, the fall of the army, corruption within the senate, unwell equipped technology, Christianity, the rise of Islam along with the barbaric attacks deposed the last Roman emperor. Romes fall lead to the dark ages.The Roman rulers had no practical take care in engaging with the barbarians, in a peaceful manner. By offering to settle the Ostrogoth tribes the Romans could not assimilate new soldiers into the army as easily as they had planned. Since the people stop ped participating in government activity and didnt join the army, the Roman army became a club for barbarians from Germany, who lead disorganised attacks so the army was no longer the super power it was before. Many of the lands that Rome had conquered, claimed independence and broke free of the Roman Empire.The Roman Empire fell because it was too widespread, leaving it exposed to constant attack from external groups. Perhaps the territories could have been given greater independence and autonomy allowing the occupiers a greater level of input into government and revenue collection. The Roman Empire in the end was eventually overrun by millions of barbarians from the north and east of Europe. It is believed to have happened two or three times in history that mass migrations of Barbarians took place across Europe, where tribes moved to settle in new territories.The great migration proved too much for the Romans to stem. Their armies were designed to buck other armies, not finis hed folks and people flooding toward them. The collapse of the Western European Empire in Rome was completed when Rome itself was conquered by the Visigoth Odoacer and his men in the year 476 AD. But what is generally referred to as the fall of the Rome doesnt include the Eastern Europe Empire. This, with its centre Constantinople, managed to cling on for almost another thousand years until it was eventually conquered by the Turks under their leader Mohammed II in the year 1453 AD.The roman emperor Valens allowed to settle with his people on the south bank of the Danube. Here, they hoped to find refuge from the Huns. Valens permitted this, as he saw in them a splendid recruiting opportunity for his army. However, a dearth broke out and Rome was unwilling to supply them with food they were promised nor the land open revolt ensued leading 6 years of plundering and destruction of an entire Roman army. The Battle at Adrianople in 378AD was the decisive moment of the war.The Roman force s were slaughtered and the emperor Valens was killed during the fighting. Adrianople shocked the Roman world and eventually forced the Romans to negotiate with and settle the barbarians within the Empires boundaries, a development with far reaching consequences for the eventual fall of Rome. After a big battle at Vouill? , the Franks, standardized to the Hunnic tribes, took over most of southern France, forcing the Visigoths to move to Spain, where they founded a new capital city, the Visigothic kingdom of Toledo.As a Roman outpost and during their long reign in Spain the Visigoths are responsible for the only new cities founded in Western Europe between the fifth and eighth centuries. They founded five new cities Reccopolis, Victoriacum Luceo and Olite. All six of these cities were founded for array purposes and three of them in celebration of victory. By 600AD the Visigoths were the only Arians left in the Mediterranean area or anywhere else. Prolonged contact with the Roman cos mos of the former empire ultimately led to conversion to Catholicism, in the late 6th century translating the bible into the Gothic language.In Spain the central kingdom of Visigotha motionless survives, but the ancient kingdom of the Visigoths continued for well over 1,400 years and has ultimately passed because, like the Romans the Visigoths simply did not have the resources to maintain there colonies. There were five different tribes that may have merged into one dominant group that finally brought Rome down. They were all attacking various pieces of the Western and Roman Empire. It is clear there is a common destiny, which links the rise and fall of both the Roman and VisiGothic Empires.Throughout history all human endeavour is defined by a beginning, middle and an end. In conclusion there were many factors that led to the eventual collapse of the Roman Empire, however, because of the reasons discussed previously and, because the Goths developed different types of army strate gies the Romans had not previously encountered, which led to the defeat of the Empires Army, and eventually contributed to the ultimate collapse of Roman civilisation.Therefore our group strongly believes that the Goths were a major factor which finally caused the breakup of the Roman Empire. Sources www. howstuffworks. com http//edhelper. com/ReadingComprehension_35_607. html http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Theodosius_I http//authorama. com/story-of-mankind-27. html

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay

As the criminologist advisor to a member of the pappa state legislature, I have been selected to conduct research for a philippic that would bothfold the maximum prison limit for anyone convicted of build up robbery. The bill is popular however it is unknown if it will do much good. It is my job to make recommendations in regards to whether the bill being voted on will be beneficial to eachone in the tribe of public address system.The prison term policies are sentencing guidelines that are created by Congress and the show legislature to provide judges with bases for sentencing those individuals found guilty of committing a umbrage to ensure that each somebody is treated equal without discrimination (sentencing guidelines, 2010). There are quartette cancelledenses that make up what is known as violent crime which are murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. According to the Uniform Crime describe (UCR) Program a violent crime is any crime that involves for ce or threat of force to others ( division of Justice, 2006). Currently the land of atomic number 91s prison terms for armed robbery are as follows for the first offense of a violent crime a minimum of five years, for a second offense of a violent crime a minimum of 10 years, and for the third offense of a violent crime a minimum of 25 years correspond confinement or life imprisonment which is accordance with 42 Pa. C.S. 9714 (daddy Commission on Sentencing, 2008).Pennsylvanias Uniform Crime Reporting tracks all forms of looting together. According to the Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System, in 2008 there were 18,751 reported robbery offenses which is equivalent to 51 per day or one every 28 minutes and 2 seconds (PA UCRS, 2008). These figures showed a decrease of 2.5% from 2007 which had 19,239 reported robberies (PA UCRS, 2008). Robbery made up 5.4% of the crime index and 37.2%of the violent crime index in Pennsylvania in the year 2008 (PA UCRS, 2008). The reported robb ery rates in Pennsylvania in 2008 were 150.6 per 100,000 inhabitants (PA UCRS, 2008). Recidivism is defined as a habitual relapse into crime, which is a problem that is faced within the criminal justice system. Pennsylvania tracks information on inmates released in order to find the recidivism rates.In 2002 Pennsylvania Department of department of corrections released 1,711 inmates charged with robbery and within three years 46.6% returned to prison, which was a decline from 2000 when 1,776 inmates charged for robbery were released and 52.8% of the inmates returned within three years (PADOC, 2006). A study was conducted in Italy in 2006 when the Collective Clemency Bill set all inmates with less than three years remaining on their prison term free however if the inmates were convicted of another(prenominal) crime within the next five years, the remainder of their sentence would be added onto the new sentence. This allowed studies to be conducted to see if longer prison terms would deter criminals. Studies showed that change magnitude the sentence by 50% should reduce recidivism rates by about 35% in s up to now months (Crime/Punishment, 2010). With inmates comes a bill to cover the housing, feeding, and medical cost of each inmate. The cost to house a prisoner in the Pennsylvania Department of corrections (PADOC) is $69 per day (Barnes, 2010). In July 2010 the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections housed 51,281 inmates, at $69 per day that amounts to $3,538,389 per day or $1,291,151,985 per year (PADOC, 2010).There are multiple benefits of the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. The study that was conducted in Italy shows that longer prison sentences lowers the recidivism rates among offenders, which over time would reduce the population of the already over populated prisons. The criminals would be off the streets for a longer period of time preventing them from committing future crimes. Longer prison sentences could be a deterrent for some criminals. Robbery is one of the top two violent crimes committed in Pennsylvania and the longer sentence imposed on those criminals may lower the rate of armed robbery however it could convey an outgrowth in other crimes. If the bill were passed and new prisons built to accommodate all inmates there would be more jobs available such as corrections officers, nurses, doctors, dentists, psychologists, and office personnel. These job openings would not only assist with job market, but also with having moretax payers to assist with the money needed for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania budget.There are also multiple disadvantages to the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. Pennsylvania prisons are overpopulated as it is and by imposing longer sentences the problem is loss to continue to get worse. As discussed earlier the prison population in June 2010 was 51,281 however the occupational bed susceptibility of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is only 43,872 (PADOC, 2010). The prisons are already operating at 116.9% of capacity and by passing this bill those rates are liberation to increase at a more rapid pace than they already are (PADOC, 2010). As discussed earlier the cost to house an inmate in Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is $69 per day which if this bill is passed a much bigger budget is going to be required because inmates are going to be housed for a longer period of time. The need may arise for more prisons due to the longer prison terms which would require a much larger budget. With more prisons comes the need for more employees to operate those prisons which also is going to have an effect on the prison budget.Where is the money going to come from to meet the increase in the budget? The tax payers are the ones that are going to have to suffer to make the funding available for the prison system budget. Other crime rates may rise as a domino effect because criminals may turn to other crimes that are known to carry a lighter sentence if they are caught. If the bill is passed it is not required that judges sentence those convicted of the crime to the maximum sentence. Judges are required to look at mitigating and aggravate circumstances when sentencing individuals found guilty of committing crimes. Judges look at prior criminal history, personal life situation, was anyone hurt during the crime, or sometimes the remorse the person shows toward the crime they committed. This bill could be beneficial in the cases of habitual offenders because there would be stricter sentencing for the first offense rather than having to wait until the second or even third offense.As we all know with anything there is pros and cons. There appears to be more cons in this situation than there are pros which should make the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania legislature take a second look into whether or not passing this bill is going to be the most beneficial thing for the Commonwealth as a whole. I would find that it would not be beneficial to double the maximum sentence for those individualscharged with committing armed robbery. The evidence shows that it would cost the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania more money to double the sentence for armed robbery. The evidence also proves that close to 50% of people convicted of armed robbery are going to reoffend which is going to bring them back to the criminal justice system and with one offense already committed they will receive a longer sentence the second time around. This also allows for those who are actually capable of being rehabilitated to have the chance to prove themselves without having to spend 10 years in prison.ReferencesBarnes, T. (2010). Post-Gazette. Pa. sentencing guidelines eyed. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http//www.post-gazette.com/pg/10002/1025303-454.stmCrime/Punishment (2010). Do stiffer sentences act as a crime deterrent? Retrieved on August 31, 2010 fr om http//crime.about.com/od/prevent/a/deterrence.htm Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006). Crime in the United States 2004. Violent Crime. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/index.html Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (2008). Retrieved August 31, 2010 from http//pcs.la.psu.edu/guidelines/sentencing/sentencing-statutes-and-programs/related-statutes/mandatory-minimum-sentences/SentMandMin122008.pdf Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2010). Monthly population report June 2010. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http//www.cor.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/monthly_population_reports/568195 Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2006). Recidivism in Pennsylvania State Correctional Institutions 1999-2004. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http//www.cor.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/annual_reports/567085 Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System (2008). Annual Report Robbery. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http//ucr.psp.state.pa.us/UCR/Reporting/Annual/AnnualFrames.asp?year=2008 Sentencing guidelines (2010). Retrieved August 30, 2010 from http//www.willdefend.com/CM/Custom/TOCSentencingGuidelines.asp

Is free trade ever fair trade? Essay

Every one of us has credibly seen reports or heard something about demonstrations against globalization when international organizations like the WTO meet. One shell was the G8 meeting in July 2001.So we have to ask us the question why thither argon some bulk who protest against globalization and also against the uncaring trade the WTO stands for.The main complain and concern of these groups is unfairness. They say free trade is unfair, the low stipend are unfair, the poor working conditions of foreign workers, the environmental standards in less(prenominal) essential countries, the high profits of multinational corporations, the inequality in incomes around the world, every(prenominal)thing is unfair. If these reproofs are true it would hold still for that also free trade and globalization is unfair.However the raft of international institutions and multinational corporations who are in favour of free trade and globalisation also use the term fairness in their arguments.If a multinational company pays low wages in less developed countries, they can claim that the wages are still fair set because they are above the legal minimum wage standards and that the workers would non get a better opportunity in a company of their country or their government.The WTO and other international organisations consider free trade even as a help because it exit crowd economic growth, which in turn will raise the living standards throughout the whole world and hack also the income inequality in the future.They suggest that globalisation can promote better outcomes for umteen people what makes the free trade fair.Both sides, either supporting or depreciating free trade exalt that what they think and support is fair. Of course everyone is in favour of fairtrade, nobody could ever proclaim the opposite. simply how can supporters of two opposed policies both be in favour of fairness. The truth has to be somewhere in the middle.In my opinion there are certainly some or even many aspects of free trade which are unfair. Those who support the free trade are certainly the international corporations and the rich. due(p) to free trade the wealthy companies can force some small companies down. If they sell their products at a price that is less than its cost of production and this way undercuts the competition for a sufficient distance of time, the competition will be forced out of the business, because everybody would demand the product with the same quality besides lower price. When there is no competition anymore they can raise their prices again and be commensurate to recoup their losses. Thats of course unfair for the smaller companies, which are not able to use this dodging and go to bankrupt because of it. So developing countries have to allow big business access to their markets.another(prenominal) point which is true and doesnt support the free trade policy is that in cases of deciding whether to value the environment or to encourage trade, the WTO tends to decide in favour of trade. There have been many examples for that issue. except the WTO allows trade to continue however there is no proof if a product is safe until it is proved unsafe. That issue should be handled the converse way, because environment and health is definitely more important than economic profit. So in this case the free trade policy of the WTO is unfair and not correct towards the environment and the population.A dramatic aspect showing the unfairness of free trade is the unequal income and wealth. The rich are get richer and the poor are getting poorer, at least relatively poorer. Fairness in trade and globalization would mean that the rich would need to redistribute some of their wealth and income to the poor, or that the poor would need a higher percentage of the income of their nation. besides free trade doesnt only has unfair and negative aspects.For example one point that is considered as unfair of many opponents of free trade is that wo rkers around the world are not treated equal and do not gain wages in developing countries. But why should a man in Africa who has the same profession as a man in the US gain the same amount of many? His living cost are not as high as the living costs you have to pay in the USA. So in relation he actually gains about the same wage and is not treated unfair.Also the increasing number of developing countries is a proof for the efficiency of free trade and there are many countries which has already benefited of the WTO.To come to a conclusion I think that free trade cant be always fair to every country, every deliverance or every individual and certainly there should be some attempts made of the WTO to become more fairly in some aspects. But its important to have in mind how difficult the job of the WTO is. They have to show consideration for developed countries and for developing countries, which of course have different interests. Although the developing countries and economies ha ve some disadvantages and not the same influence, agent and treatment like the developed ones, they would be worse off without the WTO and if not now, in the future they will profit of free trade. The aim is to develop a good working free trade economy on the whole world without such inequality between some countries, but to achieve this every country has to make some sacrifices.

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a malignant tumour that develops from the mesothelium tissue (a membrane that covers the internal organs present in the body). It occurs very rarely and is more a great deal bringd by inhaling asbestos dust. The incidence of the disease is slowly on the rise. In the US, about 2000 new cases are report every year. About 70 to 80% of all cases with mesothelioma report exposure to asbestos (NCI, 2002). Mesothelioma can develop in various sites of the body including the pleura (membranes that covers the lungs), peritoneum (membrane that covers the abdominal cavity), tunica vaginalis testis (membrane that covers the male internal reproductive organs) and tunica serous membrane uteri (membrane that covers the female internal reproductive organs) (NCI, 2002).It is made up of one layer of flat or three-dimensional cells that surround a peculiar(prenominal) organ or an organ set belonging to a particular group (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006). In between these membranes a fluid is present that permits some amount of movement during physiologic functioning. When the asbestos is inhaled, it renders deposited into parenchyma of the lungs from where it enters the immediate membrane that covers the lungs. It whitethorn be carried soon to the other membrane of the lung. The tumor usually comes as discrete plaques known as malignant mesothelial plaques (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006).These discrete masses soon combine to form a large sheet like lesion that spreads. The exact process by which mesothelioma occurs is not understood clearly, however, it seems that chronic exacerbation of the membrane plays a very important role (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006). The chromosomes present in the cell are malformed (Tan, 2007). One of the most frequent changes in the malignant cell was the loss of a copy of Chromosome 22.The chromosomal picture of the cell seems to be very complex (complex karyotype) and is rearranged (Tan, 2007). Sometimes, the chromosome arms of 1p, 3p, 9p and 6q may also get structurally rearranged. This may be brought about by close contact between the chromosomes or the structural proteins with the asbestos particles (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006).The asbestos may get deposited in the peritoneum either through the lymphatic system or the due ingestion of the sputum from the lungs (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006). The long thin fibers of asbestos are more dangerous than the feathery fibers as they more easily cause cancer. Once the fibers get deposited in the pleura, the cancer development process actually begins. In experimental rats, it has been ascertained that when the pleura or the peritoneum are invaded by the asbestos particles, macrophages and the other cells of the bodys defense mechanism accumulate (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006).As the disease progresses, the macrophages and immune cells continue to invade the lesion. Slowly the cells get transformed into malignancy. Studies have demonstrated that the asbestos particles may directly (through physical interaction) and indirectly (through accumulation of macrophages) bring about malignant transformation of the epithelium cells. Indirectly, the macrophages begin to function supernormally. They phagocyte the asbestos particles and release higher amounts of hydroxyl radicals.They may stimulate the cancer process by touch on the DNA present in the cell. Several other substances are released from the macrophages such as mitogens, harvest-festival factors, etc, which may bring about chronic irritation. They also alter entry of certain substances into the cell (by affecting the membrane) and reducing the effect of antioxidant action within the cells. Asbestos is also known to suppress the action of the bodys defense mechanism by overcoming the action of the lymphocytes (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006).Several structural and functional features have been observed in the cells affected with mesothelioma (which have asbestos particles within the cells) 1.the suppressor genes against ca ncers present in the cells may get inactivated when the asbestos fibers enters the cells2.other cancer-stimulating agents may get activated and affect the cell3. the DNA of the cell gets altered due to the incorporation of a unknown DNA which encourages cancer formation4. the DNA repair enzymes may get stimulated and frequently pass on in a faulty method of repair5.the cell terminal processes may become abnormal resulting in immortality6.the DNA sequence may be added at the ends of the cell which makes the cells immortal and results in abnormal functioning (Weitz & Luxenberg, 2006)ReferencesNCI. Mesothelioma Questions and Answers. 2002. NCI. 5 Apr. 2007 http//www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/mesotheliomaTan W.W. Mesothelioma. 2007. E-Medicine. 5 Apr. 2007 http//www.emedicine.com/med/topic1457.htmWeitz & Luxenberg. The Pathophysiology of Mesothelioma. 2006. Weitz & Luxenberg Inc. 5 Apr. 2007 http//www.weitzlux.com/mesothelioma/Pathophysiology_403723.html

Navigating the Global Essay: Lost in Translation ; Seamus Heaney Essay

The reactions of characters towards a good turn peregrine civilization. whether a retreat or an embracing. are to a bully extent influenced by personal picks. Within the sphere of Voyaging the Global. picks are about surely influenced by the fortunes in which they occur. whether this be a pick to maintain the tie to the local. or move around towards a more than mercurial scene. Three cardinal texts that exemplify this phenomenon include the video Lost in Translation by Sophia Coppola do in 2003. the Seamus Heaneys poems slam ( 1998 ) and Personal Helicon . and eventually the illustration globalization ( 2012 ) by Michael Leunig.all(a) three delve profoundly into the interplay between internal pick and external circumstance. While they do query how fortunes can act upon picks. Lost in Translation has a secondary probe of how picks can dissemble the circumstance. Lost in Translation is a movie that explores the determinations made by two characters when they are confine-a part in a foreign rural area. It besides shows how their fortunes at last shape the determinations that they make. The characters already exist in a extremely globalised universe. and moreover. in one of the most technologically advanced metropoliss on the planet Japan.Although the movie is set in this metropolis. there is besides an component of the local throughout the movie. Japans apposition of the vernal age and deep-seated tradition becomes a focal point throughout the movie as the supporters finally end up giving favour towards that planetary Utopia they found with each early(a). The supporters. Charlotte and trail represent oppose sides of this Charlotte the traditional. Bob the new age. A scene that best represents Charlottes supplanting inwardly this technological environment. is when she is primed(p) indoors her hotel room. and is speaking to a friend on the phone.The dull lighting and Grey cityscape that is seen from out the elongate window. high spots her su pplanting within the hotel. The mid shut up angle of Charlotte huddled on a fructify in the center of the room. shouting to her friend about how she misses them. farther demonstrates her closing off within the black scene. This juxtaposes strongly with her behaviour when she is out near a temple with genius around her. She seems. although entirely. to be more at place and interested with the civilization than when entirely in the hotel. and in one scene. is in awe of a stamp minute between bride and groom.This is shown through the broad slam of her standing backbone from the twosome. and a panning shooting of them walking. with the bride in traditional frock. The particular that we feel Charlotte is more comfy within a natural scene is even more relevant to the pick that she makes to pass more clip with Bob in a more commercial and authoritarian metropolis. and within the hotel. The hotel is one of the most symbolic characteristics of the movie and as hotels are a world-wide sy mbol for globalisation and the meeting of civilization with traditions. this becomes of import when Bob chooses to hold on longer because of the close friendly relationship formed with Charlotte.They are a physical manifestation of cross-cultural convergence in one individual topographic point. Therefore. the hotel in Lost in Translation becomes a clear word picture of non merely the supporters fortunes act uponing their pick. just now of isolation. of the bounds of the American ethos. and of the dangers of linguistic dialogue barriers. This is demonstrated clearly in the sauna scene for Bob. when two other work forces have a conversation. perchance in German. which he is incapable of understanding.The high angle mid shut up shooting of the two work forces sitting together. speaking comfortably. while Bob is distanced from them with a withdrawended look. illustrates his confusion and prohibition from general raillery and interaction with new large number. Earlier in the movie. Bob tries to pass on to the photographer in his whiskey advertizement. The manager harangues for a drawn-out period. doing expansive physical gestures and dramatically giving instructions. but when he finished this public presentation. his transcriber says merely a simple sentence of obscure way.This is some other critical indicant of how the true significance of words and conversation is wholly lost in interlingual rendition. This effect of the globalised universe of Japan is relevant to the circumstance that the film has been set up in because of Sophia Coppolas twenty-first century up conveying. The film itself can be seen as a remark on the spell planetary graduated table of the universe. and the multicultural boundaries that are film overing and altering within the universe. Not different Lost in Translation. Michael Leunigs sketch globalisation focuses on the move off from the natural and towards cover an progressively planetary and technological universe.The image por trays two human figures in the Centre. they are framed on one side by a stark. black channelize that seems to be smoldering as if belongings merely been burned. and on the other side by a aggregation of tall edifices with little Windowss. seen from a distance. The lone text in the illustration says. What is Globalisation? Globalisation is put ining light Earths in either bit many topographic points as possible on the face of the earth . The wordplay of Globalisation is used to decrease or even parody the impact of existent globalization.The human figures face off from nature and look to prefer the cityscape. with their faces upturned with little smilings. This symbolism of travel off from the smouldering. enduring tree and towards the apparently pristine metropolis is used to convey that we. as worlds. are burying our original place in nature. He suggests a witting pick to travel off from the natural and towards the planetary civilization. The point that the tree is so outstand ing within the image. and that it is giving off some sort of toxic sounding fume. is an baleful symbol which forshadows the dangers of preferring the man-made to our natural province.Similarly. this penchant is reflected repeatedly in Lost In Translation. with characters traveling towards the planetary and more technological universe. But in contrast. Leunig conveys this in a more sinister and agnostical tone. whereas in Lost In Translation. the more modern-day scene is seen as a sort of invulnerable oasis for the two characters who are lost in their common isolation. This relates back to the issue of how the fortunes that you are in. e. g. the isolation that Charlotte and Bob feel. and the deceasing natural universe in Leunigs illustration. act upon the picks that are made. this clip being to travel and accept a more planetary universe.In contrast to Lost In Translation. Seamus Heaneys poems Digging and Personal Helicon focal point on the importance of the local. and the founda tional relationships held within taking to maintain that naked connexion. Within these two verse forms. great importance is placed on the geographic expedition and reaching of nature and the natural environment. Throughout the verse form Digging . the connexion to his antheral parent. gramps and other household members. and his pick to stay affiliated with his Irish heritage is seen through a clean uneven sound When the spade sinks quite a little into the gravelly land my male parent. excavation. I look down. The audile image in rasping sound when explicating the shovel noise is an immediate nexus to nature. and the significance of murphies and agribusiness in Irish heritage is highlighted.The direct nexus to his male parent with My male parent. I look down conveys his relationship with his male parent is still at that place. but that it has changed from him looking up to his male parent. to him doing the more big pick of admiting his work. but traveling off from him. or going an grownup. This pick to distance himself from the outlooks of his male parent comes within the last line Between my finger and my thumb- The chunky pen rests- Ill jab with it. The metaphor of turning his more modern occupation of a author. and the tool in which he uses. his pen. and turning it into a spade which was his male parent and grampss tool. Tells us that. although he is honouring household and maintaining within the local by still keeping connexions. the fortunes for him have changed. and so he moves merely somewhat to a more modern universe. The poem Personal Helicon is somewhat different. in that it is wholly about traveling off from the people around you. and the forward universe. and happening peace in purdah and nature.This verse form of the remembrances of a bad male looking back on his childhood and his bewitchment with Wellss. is one that demonstrates how childhood and the associations that you had as a kid. in this case with nature. can act upon what you do subsequently in life. and how he longs for that childhood enchantment erst more. Within the line I savored the rich clang when a pail Plummeted down at the terminal of a rope. It gives us insight into Heaneys connexion with the simpleness of nature. and his childlike selfs captivation with crude objects.This is farther shown in When you dragged out long roots from soft mulch A fresh face hovered over the underside. The usage of you bespeaking that it is a relatable state of affairs. and the tactile and ocular imagination found in long roots . soft mulch and White face gives us farther penetration into his connexion and love for nature. The reference of his contemplation being seen in the H2O is a nexus to how he sees himself in nature. and is hence connected to it. The last lines in the verse form To prise into roots. to thumb slime Is under all grownup self-respect. I rhyme- To see myself. to put the darkness echoing. Shows that as an grownup. it is unacceptable to make the things he one time loved as a kid. and the lone manner to raise the memory of that is to state it through his verse forms.The usage of the high mode of beneath all grownup dignity alludes to the fact that he is now in a universe that is un-accepting of nature. and the pick he has made to remain within that place means that he can neer truly happen his purdah within nature that he had as a kid. turning up in Ireland and the agrarian civilization that valued nature. once more. Within the texts Lost in Translation by Sophia Coppola. Digging and Personal Helicon by Seamus Heaney and Globalisation? by Michael Leunig. the issues of how fortunes can impact picks within the globalised universe. and how the picks you make will and can impact the fortunes you are in is explored through a figure of different ways. Whether the characters have chosen to withdraw from the modern universe. or brood it. the picks made within the texts are coming from some kind of influence from their old fortunes. It is clear that your upbringing and local state of affairs will act upon how you go about voyaging through an progressively planetary state of affairs.